STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING ACADEMY Foreign Languages Faculty GRADUATION THESIS BANK LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT: AN INDICATOR APPROACH CASE OF BIDV IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKS Student: Nguyen Thi Lien Huong Supervisors: Pham Thu Thuy, M. Nguyen Thi Hien Hanh, M. 6th June 2012 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………. 2 List of tables and figures………………………………………………………….
4 List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………… 5 Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 6 Rationale of the study…………………………………………………. 7 CHAPTER 1: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF BANK LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT 8 1. Introduction to bank liquidity………………………………………… 8 1.
Definition of bank liquidity and liquidity risk………………………. Causes of bank liquidity risk…………………………………………. The importance of liquidity management……………………………. Liquidity analysis and measurements………………………………… 11 1.
Liquidity situation analysis…………………………………………… 11 1. The Supply of and Demand for Liquidity……………………………. Net liquidity position…………………………………………………. Liquidity ability measurements……………………………………….
The Liquidity indicator approach……………………………………. Advantages and limitations of Liquidity indicator approach………… 14 1. Other approaches to measure liquidity position……………………… 15 1. Main factors affecting liquidity ability……………………………….
Liquidity management strategies……………………………………. Asset liquidity management strategy. Liability management strategy…. Balanced liquidity management strategy.…………………………… 19 CHAPTER 2: BANK LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT - AN INDICATOR APPROACH: CASE OF BIDV IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKS 20 2.
An overview of economical situations that effect liquidity situations of Vietnam commercial banks in recent years……………………………………… 20 2. Liquidity management in Bank of Investment and Development of Vietnam – Time series analysis from 2007 to 2011 ……………………………. Cash position indicator…………………………………………………. Liquid securities indicator……………………………………………… 24 2.
Hot money ratio………………………………………………………. Deposit composition ratio………………………………………………. Liquidity management of BIDV in comparison with other Vietnam commercial banks - Cross-sectional analysis from 2009 to 2011 ………………. Cash position indicator………………………………………………….
Liquid securities indicator……………………………………………… 33 2. Hot money ratio………………………………………………………. Deposit composition ratio………………………………………………. 37 CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT OF VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKS 40 3.
Conclusions on liquidity management of Vietnam commercial banks… 40 3. Some recommendations to improve liquidity management of Vietnam commercial banks………………………………………………………………. Recommendations from the side of the government and SBV………. Recommendations from the side of commercial banks………………… 44 Lists of references……………………………………………………………….
47 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Pham Thu Thuy, M. and Nguyen Thi Hien Hanh, M. as well as my lecturers in Foreign Languages Faculty for the valuable guidance and advice. Without their help the thesis would not be completed.
My grateful thanks also go to my supervisors at Bank of Investment and Development of Vietnam (BIDV), who supported me during my internship and gave me useful advice to complete my thesis. Finally, an honorable mention goes to my beloved families and friends for their understandings and supports on me in completing this project. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this thesis. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The thesis aims to provide fundamental theory of bank’s liquidity management and examine the liquidity cases of some Vietnam commercial banks.
The case analysis of these banks focuses on the Liquidity Indicator approach, using data from 2007 to 2011. The thesis also suggests some solutions to improving some weaknesses of liquidity management in Vietnam banking. The theory gives a basic definition of bank liquidity and its importance in banking management. To define a bank’s liquidity position, managers can calculate basing on the Demand for and Supply of Liquidity.
Some common methods used to measure bank’s liquidity ability are mentioned in this theoretical part as well, including Liquidity Indicator approach, Structure of Funds approach and Sources and Uses of Funds approach. The thesis also provides three strategies for managers to deal with liquidity problems, namely Asset conversion, Liability management, and the mixed method between the two. The examples of Vietnam commercial banks’ liquidity management are conducted under the Liquidity Indicator approach with the main purpose is to examine how and why liquidity indicators change throughout the years (time-series analysis), and to compare a bank’s liquidity position with that of its peer competitors (cross-sectional analysis). Three groups of banks categorized by their sizes (large, medium and small) are chosen for analysis in order to present the most general overview of liquidity management in the whole banking system.
They are BIDV, Vietcombank, Techcombank, Eximbank, PG bank and Navibank. After examining the cases of the six banks through some indicators, the result includes some positive points and some drawbacks as well. Although most of them have good ratio of cash-on-hand to total assets, the proportion of loans are rather high and that of government securities are quite low. The majority of loans are long and mid-term while deposits are almost short-term, which can lead to maturity mismatch.
The thesis 5 suggests some solutions to those potential threats from three sides: the government, the State Bank of Vietnam and the commercial banks themselves. The most important is to conduct a strict regulation system on banking operations so that banks will pay more attention to risk management than just pursuing profits. Also, more effective asset portfolio management (smaller level of illiquid assets) is highly recommended. Other solutions are controlling banks’ emergence, conducting flexible economic policies, applying high technology, improving the ability of human resource, etc.
6 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: Cash position indicator of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Table 2.2: Liquid securities indicator of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Table 2.3: Hot money ratio of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Table 2.4: Capacity ratio of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Table 2.5: Deposit composition ratio of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Table 2.6: Interest rates on VND time deposits of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Table 2.7: Cash position indicator of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Table 2.8: Liquid securities indicator of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Table 2.9: Hot money ratio of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Table 2.10: Capacity ratio of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Table 2.11: Deposit composition ratio of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Chart 2.1: Vietnam Gross Domestic Product from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.2: Vietnam Interest rate from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.3: Vietnam Inflation rate from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.4: Cash position indicator of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.5: Liquid securities indicator of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.6: Hot money ratio of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.7: Capacity ratio of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.8: Deposit composition ratio of BIDV from 2007 to 2011 Chart 2.9: Cash position indicator of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Chart 2.10: Liquid securities indicator of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Chart 2.11: Hot money ratio of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Chart 2.12: Capacity ratio of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Chart 2.13: Deposit composition ratio of three bank groups from 2009 to 2011 Chart 2.14: Review of some basic indicators of three bank groups 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SBV: The State Bank of Vietnam BIDV: Bank of Investment and Development of Vietnam VCB: Vietcombank, Joint Stock Commercial bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam TCB: Techcombank, Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint Stock Bank EIB: Eximbank, Vietnam Export Import Bank PG bank: Petrolimex Group Bank Navibank: Nam Viet Commercial Joint Stock Bank NLP: Net Liquidity Position CAR: Capital Adequacy ratio 8 INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study Liquidity management is always a key factor to decide the safety for the operations of any commercial bank. Until now there have been a huge number of banks that are encountering intense liquidity risk as a result of the fierce competition in mobilizing funds. Indeed, the shortage of adequate liquidity is a strong signal showing that banks are in trouble. Since the financial market is still on an increasingly rise, opportunities and risks associated for banks are also climbing higher.
As for the case of Vietnam, over the last two decades since the banking system was reformed, there have been a lot of significant improvements in commercial banks’ performance. However, liquidity management still does not receive enough concern. The crisis in 2008 was an alert when all Vietnam banks rushed to obtain funds with the mass racing in interest rates. Banks’ earnings plunged off and some small banks almost collapsed.
Therefore, it is absolutely essential to understand the importance of bank liquidity management. This thesis will study the most fundamental knowledge on liquidity and apply the theory in practical cases of Vietnam commercial banks. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to apply the theories taught in class to examine the practice of liquidity management in Vietnam commercial banks. The thesis is concluded with some recommendations on several sides that those banks should consider in improving their liquidity management.
Scope The scope of this thesis covers three main groups of Vietnam banks: large, medium and small banks with six banks are examined. This will help to generate an overview on liquidity management of the whole banking system over the last five years. The main method used to analyze is Liquidity Indicator approach. 9 Methodology The analysis uses the data taken from financial statements of the banks in five consecutive years from 2007 to 2011.
There are two types being examined: time-series and cross-sectional analysis. The former focuses on the changes of the liquidity indicator chronologically and explains the reasons for those changes. The latter compares and contrasts between banks and their peer competitors to define the typical features of liquidity management of each groups. Limitations The thesis studies the cases only by the Liquidity indicator approach which is quite sensitive to season of the year and stage of the business cycle.
There are only six banks are chosen to examine so it somehow cannot present the whole banking system. Also, the financial statements and notes do not provide enough details on some criteria to identify all the indicators. There are only five calculable indicators in use. 10 CHAPTER 1: THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF BANK LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT 1.
Introduction to bank liquidity risk 1. Definition of bank liquidity and liquidity risk According to the economics dictionary of Investopedia, the term “liquidity” is understood in three common ways. Firstly, the liquidity of an asset is the ability that it is can be bought or sold quickly in the market without affecting its price. In other words, it presents how quick an asset can be converted into cash.
Secondly, we also mention liquidity as the ability of corporations to pay back debts at their maturity. The third meaning of liquidity associates with the smooth operation of the market, where traders can easily buy or sell without wasting too much on transaction costs. In banking sector particularly, liquidity is the ability to meet financial obligations when they come due. A bank is considered to have good liquidity when it is able to access funds immediately to handle customers’ withdrawal and loans.
Liquidity risk simply is the shortage of marketability of an investment which means it cannot be traded quickly enough to prevent loss. As for banks, liquidity risk occurs when they do not have enough funds on hand to satisfy financial claims. Causes of bank liquidity risk There are several factors that drive to liquidity risk of a financial institution. We can divide the causes into two groups of internal and external.
The internal causes come from within the banks themselves and the other ones depend on some outside factors of the economy. Internal causes In general, liquidity problems arise internally if banks do not have effective and suitable liquidity management strategies such as ineffective assets portfolio management, inadequate reserve for withdrawal needs, etc. 11 One of the reasons is the maturity mismatch situation between the Uses of Funds and the Sources of Funds. This happens when banks take too much of short-term deposits or borrow too much of short-term loans from other institutions, then they use these funds for long-term investments.
At a specific moment, the cash inflow from those long-term investments is often not adequate to meet the needs of the outflow that comes due. Investing on low-liquid assets should also be taken into account.