Nghiên cứu về các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến tín dụng hộ gia đình tại Việt Nam từ VARHS 2008

Luận văn thạc sĩ nghiên cứu determinants on households partial credit rationing an analysis from varhs 2008, đánh giá hiện trạng, phân tích vấn đề, đề xuất biện pháp hoàn thiện

Trường đại học

University of Economics

Chuyên ngành

Development Economics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2013

77
2
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

ABSTRACT

1. CHAPTER 1: SCOPE OF STUDY

1.1. Characteristics of rural credit market

1.2. Types of rural credit

1.3. Asymmetric Information and Credit Rationing

1.4. Problems of lenders in context of asymmetric information

1.5. Screening mechanism in lending

1.6. Types of Credit Rationing

1.7. Identify Credit Rationing

1.8. Impact of Credit Rationing in Rural Area

1.9. Factors of Credit Demand

1.10. Factor of Credit Supply

1.11. Data Source and Features

1.12. Issue of Data Bias (Sample Selection Problem)

1.13. Heckman Two-Stages Model

1.14. Sample Selection Bias vs. Omitted Variables Bias

1.15. Heckman Two Stages Procedures

1.16. Application to study & Model Specification

1.17. Bivariate Probit with Sample Selection Model

1.18. Application to study & Model Specification

1.19. Hypothesis for the probability and degree of partial credit rationing

1.20. Hypothesis for the probability of access to credit

1.21. Results and Discussion

1.22. Characteristics of Borrowers by Credit Rationing

1.23. Determinants of Credit Accessibility

1.24. Determinants of Partial Credit Rationing Probability

1.25. Determinants of Partial Credit Rationing Degree

2. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

2.1. Findings, answers for research questions

2.2. Conclusions on degree of solving research objectives

2.3. Limitation of the study

3. INTRODUCTION

3.1. Research Context

3.2. Research Problem

3.3. Research Objectives

3.4. Research Questions

3.5. Scope of Study

3.6. Thesis Structure

4. LITERATURE REVIEW

4.1. Definition

4.2. Characteristics of rural credit market

4.3. Types of rural credit

4.4. Asymmetric Information and Credit Rationing

4.5. Problems of lenders in context of asymmetric information

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM-NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M. IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS ON HOUSEHOLDS’ PARTIAL CREDIT RATIONING AN ANALYSIS FROM VARHS 2008 By NGUYEN VAN HOANG Academic Supervisor: Dr. TRAN TIEN KHAI HO CHI MINH CITY, NOVEMBER 2013 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com AKNOWLEDGEMENT I am indebted to many individuals for their enthusiastic support and guidance while doing this thesis. This paper would be impossible to accomplish without their unlimited support. Firstly of all, I would like to express my great appreciation with Dr. Tran Tien Khai, my supervisor, for the whole support to help me constructing ideas, structure, advices and comments, from the beginning to the end. May thanks for Prof. Nguyen Trong Hoai, Dean of Vietnam – The Netherlands Programme who has provided necessary assistance and motivation for me to achieve this thesis. I would like give my special thanks for Dr. Pham Khanh Nam, Academic Director of Vietnam – The Netherlands Programme. Without his introduction for VARHS 2008, an important data set used in this research, this paper would be impossible to complete. Many thanks for Dr. Truong Dang Thuy, Chair of the Department of Economics - Faculty of Development Economics, who has passionately cooperate with me to solve issues related to econometric techniques. Last but not least, I must express my most gratitude to my parents and my aunt’s family for providing comfortable condition during hard time, so that I can finish this thesis. 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com List of Tables and Figures LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - VARHS 2008 Survey Questions . 27 Table 2 - Model Specification. 44 Table 3 - Determinants of Credit Accessibility . 54 Table 4 - Determinants of Partial Credit Rationing Probability . 56 Table 5 - Determinants of Partial Credit Rationing Degree . 60 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – Credit Supplier Expected Return . 15 Figure 2 - Rationing in Credit Market . 17 Figure 3 - Identify Case of being Credit Rationed . 20 Figure 4 - Survey Site Mapping for VARHS 2008 Source: IPSARD (2006-2008) . 26 Figure 5 - Sample Distribution Source: Author Calculation from VARHS 2008 . 29 Figure 6 - Analytical Framework . 38 Figure 8 - Credit Access & Credit Ration Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008 . 45 Figure 9 - Credit Access & Household Head Age Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008. 46 Figure 10 - Household Head Age & Credit Ration Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008. 47 Figure 11 - Credit Access & Household Head Education Level Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008 . 48 3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Figure 12 - Household Head Education Level & Credit Ration Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008 . 49 Figure 13 - Credit Access & Loan Purposes Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008 . 50 Figure 14 - Loan Purposes & Credit Ration Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008 . 51 Figure 15 - Credit Access & Credit Institutions Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008 . 52 Figure 16 - Partial Ration & Credit Institutions Source: Author’s calculation from VARHS 2008 . 53 4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Abstract This study aim to identify key factors affected the partial credit ration’s probability and its degree in rural area of 12 provinces in Vietnam including Ha Tay, Nghe An, Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong, Phu Tho, Quang Nam, Long An, Dac Lac, Dac Nong, Lao Cai, Dien Bien, Lai Chau period 2006-2008. Based on VARHS 2008 data set, the research has employed Heckman sample selection bias model to investigate the determinants of partial ration’s degree, and bivariate probit with sample selection model to examine the determinants of partial ration’s probability. Besides that, the impact of credit accessibility’s determinants, as a supplement outcome from the two regression models, were also revealed. The result showed that households who have following characteristics - Kinh ethnicity, large household size, high land value, suffering shock at household level (economic shock, illness, unemployment, etc.), holding social position (at least one member working for government, local authority unit) tend to have higher chance of credit access, while those who have high dependency ratio, and older household, tend to have negative correlation with credit accessibility. Formal credit institutions appeared to have higher rate of partial credit rationed than the informal sector, and those who requested a large size of loan were likely to be partial rationed as well. In contrast, households who own larger house, borrowed for investment purposes (build/buying house, land and other assets) or holding social position had a lower chance of being partial rationed. The finding also uncovered the negative correlation between the degree of partial credit ration and following factors - Household head age, dependency ratio, house size and collateral value. On the contrary, household size, loan size applied, loan for consumption purposes negatively affect the degree of partial credit ration. The regression result also shown that unless treatments such as bivariate probit with sample selection bias or Heckman two stages regression are applied, the regression result might be bias due to inherent sample selection problem in the data set. 5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Table of Contents Chapter 1. Scope of Study . Characteristics of rural credit market . Types of rural credit . Asymmetric Information and Credit Rationing . Problems of lenders in context of asymmetric information . Screening mechanism in lending . Types of Credit Rationing . Identify Credit Rationing . Impact of Credit Rationing in Rural Area. Factors of Credit Demand . 22 6 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Factor of Credit Supply. Data Source and Features. Issue of Data Bias (Sample Selection Problem) . Heckman Two-Stages Model . Sample Selection Bias vs. Omitted Variables Bias . Heckman Two Stages Procedures . Application to study & Model Specification . Bivariate Probit with Sample Selection Model . Application to study & Model Specification . Hypothesis for the probability and degree of partial credit rationing . Hypothesis for the probability of access to credit . Results and Discussion . Characteristics of Borrowers by Credit Rationing . Determinants of Credit Accessibility . Determinants of Partial Credit Rationing Probability . Determinants of Partial Credit Rationing Degree . 61 7 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Conclusions and Policy Implications . Findings, answers for research questions. Conclusions on degree of solving research objectives . Limitation of the study . 65 8 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Introduction “Credit rationing is not necessary the source of poverty trap, but it reinforce them ” (Ping, Heidhues, & Zeller, 2010) 1. Research Context Since 1986, Vietnam Government has initiated the economic reform that has transformed the nation from the central planning to market oriented economy. Major achievements in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction have been attained as a result of the reform. However, the large gap between rural and urban areas has still existed. To ensure the sustainability of economic development and the stability of political environment, rural and agriculture development are therefore considered as a priory goal in the nation development strategy. Providing access to finance to the poor or microfinance has been considered as a tool for economic development and poverty reduction (Morduch & Haley, 2002; Khandker, 2003). It is the interest of many policy makers and researchers in recent years. Thus, in this strategy, rural credit, which aims at ensuring rural households having access to financial services, is regarded as an important component. The Government has launched many credit programs supporting the development of rural area such as preferential credit for the poor, agriculture forestry and fishery encouragement through special state own banks or government agencies. The credit program has some significant impact to economic development of Vietnam rural areas; however there still exist some issues such credit rationing in the program. When credit rationing occurs, credit suppliers ignore to offer loan to some borrowers to avoid the risk of default, thus it limit the credit accessibility of the poor. Due to it implication to the economic development in general, and to the effectiveness of Government credit for the poor program in particular, this paper will aim at examining the factors that affect to credit rationing, particularly focus on the cases of partial credit ration, with the hope of revealing some potential implications for policy makers. 9 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Research Problem Rural credit market is an importance factor that helps to foster the economic development in rural areas, thus improving the poor living standard and supporting poverty alleviation. One of its function is funding household’s credit demand. However, the degree to which rural credit impacts on the rural area welfare depends on how well the rural credit market operates, however the problem of credit rationing could have negative effect on the performance of rural credit market. Credit rationing could be described as the cases in which credit lenders refuse to offer loan to borrowers, or offer an amount of loan that is less than borrower’s request, even though the borrowers willing to accept higher level of interest rate to help the lender to cover the default risk (Barham, Boucher, & Cater, 1996; Buchenrieder, 1996; Heidhues & Schrieder, 1998; Zeller, 1993). The higher the probability of credit rationing, the more difficulties for household to satisfy their credit demand. In other word, if credit rationing is a common practice in the area, it may lead to the inefficiency of the credit market in the area as a consequence. Weiss (1981) pointed out, asymmetric information is an explanation for the problem of the credit rationing. In rural credit market, which is characterized by numbers of poor households and the difficulties to evaluate their credit worthiness, is concealed by a fog of asymmetry information between lenders and borrowers. In other word, lenders are reluctant to lend as they are uncertain about the loan repayment probability. To overcome this problem, lenders require different kinds of information about their borrowers such as household’s dependency ratio, household size, land value, social position, etc., to assess their repayment ability and make a basis for lending decision. As such kinds of information may affect to the probability and the degree to which a borrower be credit rationed, a question has been raised by many researchers is that what factors determined lenders’ decision of credit ration. The answers are different depending on the period and location under examination of a study. For this paper, the research aim to examine the determinants of credit rationing – especially for the case of partial credit ration, concentrating on 12 provinces Ha 10 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Tay, Nghe An, Khanh Hoa, Lam Dong, Phu Tho, Quang Nam, Long An, Dac Lac, Dac Nong, Lao Cai, Dien Bien, Lai Chau period 2006-2008. Research Objectives The general objective of this study is to examining the relationship between partial credit rationing and its determinants in rural area of Vietnam in period 2006-2008. The general objective could be archived by meeting following sub-objectives:  Identify key factors that affects the household’s credit accessibility  Identify key factors that affects the degree of partial credit rationing  Identify key determinants on the probability of partial credit rationing  Suggest policy implication to reduce partial credit rationing practice 1. Research Questions The research aims at answering the following questions:  What are the key determinants on the credit accessibility of rural households?  What are the key determinants on the partial credit ration probability of rural households?  What are the key determinants on the degree of partial credit rationing of rural households? 1.

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