VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, WANOT UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTIES OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN THI THUY A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS DENOTING FEAR UN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE {Phân tích đổi chiéu các thành ngữ chỉ nỗ: sơ hãi trong Tiếng Anh và Tiếng ViệO M.A Miinor Pregramante 1 hesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 602215 Hanoi, 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTIES OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN THI THUY A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS DENOT 7 FEAR IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (Phân tích dối chiếu các thành ngữ chỉ nổ: sợ Adi trong Tiếng Anh và Tiếng ViệO M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 602215 Supervisor: Trần Bá Tiến, M.A Hanoi, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Declaration i Aknowledgements it Abstract iii Table of contents iv PART A; INTRODUCTION i 1. Raliomile for choosing the lope 1 2. Aims of the study 1 3, Scope of the study 3 4, Methods of the study 2 5, Format of the study 3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT 4 Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 4 1. Definitions of Wdiorns A 1.
Distinctive features of English idioms 5 1.1, Syntactic features of English idioms 5 1. Semantic (atures af English idioms 10 1. Cultural features of English idioms Y 1. Distinetion between idioms, proverbs and some other terms 14 sayings, phrasal verbs, colloqpialisirs 1.
Concepts of Human Feelings 17 1. Classifications of Hưman Feclings i" 1. Emotion Fear 19 Chapter 2: Syntactic features of English idioms denoting idioms fear in 3 comparison with Vietnamese counterparts 20 2. Structural features of English idioms denoting cmotion Fear 20 2.
English idioms denoting fear have clause patterns 20 2. Linglish idioms denoting fear have phrase patterns 2. English idioms denoting fear have fixed patens 2. English idioms denoting fear have odd patterns 2.
An English-Vietnamese comparison of syntactic features of idioms denoting fear 2. Vietnamese idioms with clause pattems. Viatnamose idioms with phrase pallerns 2. Differences Chapter : Semantic features of English idioms denoting fear in comparison with Vietnamese caunterparts 3.
Metaphor and metonymy in cognitive linguistics 3. Metaphor and metonymy in English idioms denoting fear 3. An English-Victnamese comparison of scmantic features of idioms denoting fear 3. Differences PART C; CONCLUSION 1.
Limitations 4, Suggestion for further research REFERENCES APPENDICES Chapter 1: Thewlicnl background Ld. Definitions of Idioms Idioms are a broad and crucial field of any languages. Usage of idioms is integral in human interaction, Be aware of this, recently, much work on idioms has been cartied oul Hence, a great number of definitions of idioms is understandable. Every linguist who specializes in different branches will have different way to understand and describe idioms Jackson & Amvela and Palmer share the similar viewpoint on idiom definition According to Jackson & Amvcla (2000, p.66), “en idiom may be defined as a please the meaning of which cannot be predicted from the individual meanings of the morphenes it comprises”.
Palmer (1990) states that an idiom i expression whose meaning camot be inferred fiom the meanings of its parts. K can be seen that there are two visible points in their statements. First, an idiom is a phrase; second, its meaning is not simply the meanings of constitucnts making up the phrase. Having the samo point of view is Ssidls and Mordic (1978, p 8) who consider “an idiom ts a number of words which, taken together, mean something different from the individual words of the idiom when they stand alone”, Collins has a different way to define idioms but shares the similar idea.
‘fo take the definition by Collins (1995) lo consider, an idiom is a spcvial kind of phrase, Il is a group of words which have a different meaning when used together from the one it would have if the meaning of each word were taken individually [.] idioms are typical metaphorical: they are cffectivcly metaphors which have become ‘fixed’ ot ‘fossilized’. In his definition, there are two noticeable terms, “typical metaphorical” and “fossilized” used to describe idioms, “Metaphorical’ could be referred to figurative and non-literal characteristics of idioms. In the meanwhile, ‘fossilized’ implics unchangeable properly of idioms. Tl can be seen from the definitions mentioned above, the linguists have defined idioms just in terms of their semantics and syntax In fact, idioms arc mar’s ercation and originated from human cornmunication, (us usage of idioms is integral in haman interaction.
Idioms have a deep interrelation with the human beings” thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and attitude, which means the speaker’s culture Therefore, it would be a shorleorming in the atlempl to define idioms without regarding their cultural aspect. As for her viewpoint on idioms, Fernando (1997, pp.1-30) describes idioms as “conventionalized multiword expressions [.] individual units whose PARI A: INERODUCLION 1. Rationale Even having becn living in England for a Jong time, a non-native spcaker who has a gteat command of English could be easily realized that his English is not mother-tongue language when he is in conversation with an Bnglish speaker. Explanation for (his could be his way of using language.
Anyone who has already been put in a real communication of the language finds it casy to recognize that tative-speukers” conversations arc far morc interssting and variod than that with non-native speakers. The answer to this is that in their talk native speakers apply several idioms because of their convenience. ‘ast, these idioms not only have brief and extraordinary forms, containing key words but they also hold profound meanings. They manifest much what the speakers want to say and do not want to say in words.
The means that can express speakers’ viewpoints, feelings, attitudes and even personality and culttre is their ways of idioms usage. Take this example to consider “pull someone's leg” The phrase pudl my leg would causc a lot of difficultics for non-native speakers because it has nothing to do with the description of the action of pulling someone’s leg but just means “to play a joke on somebody, usually by making them believe something thal is nol Irưe” (Oxford Advanced Learnar’s Dictionary, 7 edition) or simply “to fool somebody”, Therefore, knowing how to use a language is a completely dittzrent category fom mastering a language. Mastery of a language not only needs speakers’ acquisition of several aspocis of language such as sommnlics, synlax, phoneties and phonology, pragmatics but also their flexibility in language usage. Idioms usage is the clearest evidence for their ability of varied language usage Moreover, idioms are the combination of cullure, language usage and ercative competence, personality and mark of time.
They are everlasting and passed ftom generation to generation because of their own distinctive foatures. The combination of all he facts mentioned above is the reason for Ihe thesis, In the thesis the author has made an attempt to investigate into English idioms from different aspects. ‘Chen there will be a comparison between English idioms and Vietnamese idioms denoting fear. 2 s of the study “The study is carried out for the following aims.
Linglish idioms denoting fear have phrase patterns 2. English idioms denoting fear have fixed patens 2. English idioms denoting fear have odd patterns 2. An English-Vietnamese comparison of syntactic features of idioms denoting fear 2.
Vietnamese idioms with clause pattems. Viatnamose idioms with phrase pallerns 2. Differences Chapter : Semantic features of English idioms denoting fear in comparison with Vietnamese caunterparts 3. Metaphor and metonymy in cognitive linguistics 3.
Metaphor and metonymy in English idioms denoting fear 3. An English-Victnamese comparison of scmantic features of idioms denoting fear 3. Differences PART C; CONCLUSION 1. Limitations 4, Suggestion for further research REFERENCES APPENDICES irst of all, it demonstrates some general knowledge about idioms in terms of syntacti nandic and cullural (catures arul their dil miiation frow other sinpilar Secondly, it represents syntax and semantics of English idioms denoting fear.
Thirdly, the study provides a comparison of English and Vietnamese idioms, then clarifies syntax and semantics of Vietnamese idioms denoting fear. Scope of the study English idioms have a great mumber of idioms denoting Inman feelings. A few of basic emotions have boon rosoarchod by somno Viclarnes varchors such as Study on Structural and Semantic Features of English Idioms of Anger in Comparison with Vietnamese Equivalents” by Doan Ngoc Diep, “An Investigation into ‘The English Words and Idioms Denoting Happiness” by Ngnycn Thi Van Larn, One human emotion that appears daily, therefore has several idioms, but has not been received mueh study is fear. lence, in the study ths author concentrates on English idioms denoting fear and put it them in comparison with Vietnamese idioms.
4, Methods of the study ‘The approaches and procedures employed to achieve the research goals are as follows - To establish a theretical framework for the study, both domestic and foreign publications are critically reviewed and referred to. + The quantitative method is dominantly uxed for the data statiscties. Tn addition, the contastive analysis approach is employed to compare the two language and cultures. - Procedures: ‘The study takes the following steps Data sources: ‘The sources which are used to collect data consist ofbooks, websites and other materials As for books, books which are conecmed with idioms are collected and studied to gather necessary knowledge.
Main materials are Oxford Idioms (2010), ‘ft Dién ‘Thanh Ngit Anh- ArlrViệt (2004), Thành Ngữ Tiếng Việt (2009), Từ Điển Thành Ngữ và Tục Ngữ Việt ‘Nam (2008), Tử Điển Thành Ngữ và Tục Ngữ Việt Nam (2008) other kinds in a language. Llaving the same idea, Iravel (1992) also atates that iđioms are anomalies of language Idioms exist in various forms, containing different number of words. According to Fernando (1997), English idioms fluctuate hetween ‘Avo-ward compound structure’ and ‘a complex clause with no more than tvo subordinate clauses’. On ice (set aside for fulure use), fork over (hand over), or wet blanket (dull or boring person who spoils the happiness of others) are some examples of the smallest structure of idioms.
Or i the shoe fits, wear it (ađmil the trulh), people who live in glass houses shontda't throw stones (one should not criticize when one is equally at fault) are dlustration for the maximum limit of idioms. In fact, there are idioms that have only one word. “Lemon? (denoting something defective) is an idiom with only one word. Or “fisky” is in Ihe same case.
Seidl and Mordie (1978) discover syntactic properties of idioms when syntactic features and semantic features are put info correlation. According to them, an idiom can have a regularly, irregularly or even wrongly grammatical structure. Idiom spill the beans reveal a scerct) is a regular structure with the form Verb_ Direct Object, fill somebody's boots/shoes (do somebody’s job ina satisfactory way when they are not there), give me five (hil the inside of somebody’s hand with the inside of your hand as a greeting or Lo celebrate a victory) are in the case, or as free as (the) air us a bird (completely fiee) possesses the normal form, the comparative form. However, consider sell him short, it is easy lo see that the form of the idiom self somebody short (underestiuale somebody) is grammatically incorrect.
The last element short must be an adverb to modify sell. Conversely, adjective short which is used to describe height of a person or to measure length or distance is applied to do the job instead. Do something on the aff chance (to do something even though you think thal there is only a small possibility of i Leing successful), fight shy of something’ of doing something (avoid something or doing something, not want to do) are the instances of the extraordinary structure. Some idioms that may have regular forms but the meaning is ambiguous.
The idiom dressed to kill (wear one’s finest clothing) takes the regular form but has obscure ineariing. Tl could make sense thal someone prepares for an action of killing someone by wearing clothes if il is nol recognized as an idiom.