BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HÀ NỘI KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP Nghiên cứu về các xu hướng hình thành từ vựng tiếng Anh hiện nay An investigation into recent trends in English lexeme formation Người hướng dẫn: ThS. Nguyễn Phương Anh Họ và tên sinh viên: Trần Thuỷ Tiên Mã số sinh viên: 2007010306 Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Khoa: Tiếng Anh Hà Nội, năm 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HA NOI UNIVERSITY An investigation into recent trends in English lexeme formation Supervisor: Nguyen Phuong Anh, M.A Student’s full name: Tran Thuy Tien Student’s ID: 2007010306 Major: English Studies Department: English Department Ha Noi, 2024 ii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge; the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have been acknowledged.
Date: 13/5/2024 Signature: ____Tien____ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs. Nguyen Phuong Anh, for her invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the entire research process of my thesis. Her insightful feedback and constructive suggestions have been instrumental in shaping the direction and quality of this study. I would like to express my heartfelt acknowledgement to my English Department at Hanoi University for their pivotal role in shaping my academic journey.
Moreover, I would like to acknowledge the authors and researchers whose works and publications formed the foundation of this study. Their contributions to the field of linguistics have been important in shaping my understanding of lexeme formation, and I am grateful for their scholarly endeavors. Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my friends and family for their unwavering support and encouragement throughout this academic journey. Their belief in my abilities has been a constant source of motivation, and I am deeply grateful for their presence in my life.
iv TABLES OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES. Background of the research. Rationale of the study. Scope of the study.
Significance of the study. Structure of the study. Definitions of neologisms. The lifespan of neologism.
The importance of neologism. Inclusion of neologisms in dictionary. Word formation processes. Productive word formation processes.
Non-productive word formation processes. Acronyms and initialisms. Possible factors contributing to the emergence of new words. Technology and science factors.
Foreign Influence Factor. Data analysis method. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS. Statistics of word formation processes in annual dictionary entries.
Word formation processes in 2018. Word formation processes in 2019. Word formation processes in 2020. Word formation processes in 2021.
Word formation processes in 2022. Word formation processes in 2023. Morphological processes of Neologisms from 2018 to 2023. Contributing factors to the emergence of neologisms.
Major contributing factors from 2018 to 2023. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION. 67 vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES LISTS OF FIGURES Figure 1. Word formation processes of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2018.
Affixations of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2018. Word formation processes of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2019. Affixations of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2019. Word formation processes of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2020.
Affixations of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2020. Word formation processes of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2021. Affixations of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2021. Word formation processes of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2022.
Affixations of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2022. Word formation processes of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2023. Affixations of neologisms in the two dictionaries in 2023. Morphological processes of neologisms from 2018 to 2023.
Contributing factors to the emergence of neologisms in 2018. Contributing factors to the emergence of neologisms in 2019. Contributing factors to the emergence of neologisms in 2020. Contributing factors to the emergence of neologisms in 2021.
Contributing factors to the emergence of neologisms in 2022. Contributing factors to the emergence of neologisms in 2023. Major contributing factors from 2018 to 2023. 56 viii LISTS OF TABLES Table 1.
Numbers of neologisms from each dictionary. Productivity of affixation of neologisms in the surveyed dictionaries in 2018. Productivity of affixation of neologisms in the surveyed dictionaries in 2019. Productivity of affixation of neologisms in the surveyed dictionaries in 2020.
Productivity of affixation of neologisms in the surveyed dictionaries in 2021. Productivity of affixation of neologisms in the surveyed dictionaries in 2022. Productivity of affixation of neologisms in the surveyed dictionaries in 2023. 46 ix ABSTRACT This study is an examination of the mechanisms through which new English words are coined, namely the prevalent word formation processes and the motivating factors that contribute to the emergence of neologisms in contemporary English.
By taking a closer look at these aspects, the study aims to shed light on the evolving nature of the English lexicon. Through a comprehensive analysis of linguistic literature and data of 1089 neologisms in both Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Oxford English Dictionary from 2018 to 2023, the findings show that word formation processes have changed but perhaps not as much as expected: compounding and affixation continue to play a significant role in word formation. However, the productivity of conversion, which is often regarded as an effective means of creating new words, does not align with expectations in this study. Moreover, certain word formation processes, including new coinage, reduplication, antonomasia, back formation, and onomatopoeia, demonstrate limited productivity.
The primary influencing factor behind the emergence of these new words appears to be social factors. This finding suggests that societal dynamics and cultural influences have a substantial impact on the introduction and acceptance of neologisms. Keywords: neologisms, morphological processes, productivity, English, motivations, online dictionary. Background of the research Language, a vivacious and ever-changing phenomenon, forms an integral part of human society.
An American political journalist and author, Drew (1959, p.69) once stated in her book: “Language is like soil. However rich, it is subject to erosion, and its fertility is constantly threatened by uses that exhaust its vitality. It needs constant reinvigoration if it is not to become arid and sterile.” As language develops through human communication, it transforms into a living entity, constantly evolving and adapting. All languages worldwide undergo continual developments and significant changes in their lexicons, terms, and concepts, driven by the ever-changing world and its evolving demands (Jatowt & Tanaka, 2012).
The English language, serving as a lingua franca, has effectively kept pace with society’s rapid growth by extensive transformations in grammatical structures, word forms, and meaning, particularly with the emergence of new words. These lexical creations arise from various aspects of daily life, including technology, culture, society, etc. Rationale of the study As English is widely used as a global language, neologisms are created daily to effectively convey information and opinions. It is particularly interesting to have an insight into how word formation has grown to become an important process in the growth and expansion of the English vocabulary, especially in this era of globalization.
While previous studies such as Liu (2017), Fauzi (2017), Ratih and Gusdian (2018), and Pereira (2021) have explored word formation in online sources or dictionaries, they often lack an examination of the factors driving lexeme emergence. Additionally, prior research on word formation in online dictionaries like Fauzi (2017), Ratih and Gusdian (2018), or Pereira (2021) have 1 primarily focused on only the Oxford English Dictionary within a limited timeframe, from 2012 to 2016, or specifically, 2017 and 2020. To address these gaps, this study will analyze the collection of new words added to both the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Oxford English Dictionary from 2018 to 2023, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of recent word formation processes and factors influencing lexeme creation. Scope of the study This research study aims to investigate the intricate aspects of word formation processes and explore the underlying motivations driving the emergence of new English words.
The primary focus will be on analyzing the collection of 1089 new words added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Oxford English Dictionary in the period of six years from 2018 to 2023. By delving into these linguistic phenomena, the study seeks to gain a comprehensive understanding of how recent lexical items are formed and the factors that contribute to their introduction into the lexicon. Significance of the study The significance of this study lies in the recognition of the continuous and profound processes of lexeme formation within the English language over time. Given the limited research conducted on the topic of lexical creation and the factors influencing the emergence of new words in online dictionaries, the study holds significant importance as it contributes to the body of knowledge and serves as a valuable resource for future researchers and educators.
The findings of this research can inform and enrich the existing literature in the field, adding to the understanding of vocabulary creation and the factors influencing the emergence of new words in contemporary English. This knowledge can be utilized by educators to develop more effective teaching materials and strategies that align with current linguistic trends and practices. Research questions This study aims to answer the following research questions: • What are the recent trends in lexical formation in the neologisms recorded in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Oxford English Dictionary from 2018 to 2023? • What factors contribute to the emergence of new English words during this period? 1. Structure of the study The dissertation consists of five chapters.
The study begins with an introduction, which sets the stage by outlining the research objectives. The subsequent section, the literature review, delves into the definitions of neologism, their lifespan, and their significance. Additionally, it examines various word formation processes and investigates potential factors that contribute to the emergence of new lexemes. The methodology section details the approach employed in this study, shedding light on the methods utilized to collect and analyze data.
The fourth chapter presents the findings derived from the data analysis, followed by an extensive discussion of their implications. Finally, the dissertation concludes with a final chapter that highlights the practical implications of the research and provides a comprehensive summary of the study’s key findings. Definitions of neologisms The term neologism was first documented in English in 1772, borrowed from the French word néologisme which originated in 1734 (Behera & Mishra, 2013). However, its etymology can be traced back to ancient Greek, where neos means “new” and logo means “word” (Erkinova, 2021).
Neologism, according to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary (n.), is a new word or expression, or a new meaning of a word. For Malmkjær (2002), neologisms can be defined as an item newly introduced into the lexicon of a language over a certain period of time. Similarly, the term neologism is used by Budiu and Anderson (2001, as cited in Amiruddin, Yassi & Sukmawaty, 2021) to describe a word, term, or phrase that is relatively new and not yet widely used, or is currently in the process of being accepted into general usage. A further definition of neologism is given by Quaisar (2015), who describes neologism as a linguistic phenomenon characterized by the morphological process of lexical innovation within a given language.
Its fundamental objective is to augment the lexicon and introduce novel word forms. These newly coined lexical units assume a pivotal role in identifying and delineating emergent phenomena, as well as capturing the way old ideas adapt to new cultural contexts. By exploring the neologisms within the selected texts of our research, we can gain valuable insights into the ever-evolving social and cultural dynamics.