ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The last few months have been a terrific opportunity for me to learn and expand my horizons, as well as an incredible new journey. Although my internship only lasted a few months, I gained invaluable professional expertise and social skills. My perspective on the finance has expanded concurrently. My inexperience and lack of comprehension, as well as the increasing Covid epidemic, hampered my internship.
With the assistance of mentors of Smart Invest Securities, the internship completed well and I was able to submit the internship report on time. To begin, I would like to thank Smart Invest's Board of Directors and staff for generating an atmosphere conducive to learning and observation. In addition, I'd like to express my appreciation to Schools of Advanced Programs for arranging conditions that allowed me to lessen the restrictions imposed on my internship during the Covid outbreak. In addition, I would want to express my appreciation to Dr.
Tran Minh Tuan for his persistent assistance in assisting me to complete this report. It is a huge honor for me to be educated and instructed by Dr. Tran Minh Tuan. Due to a lack of time and knowledge, the report cannot be free of errors.
I hope to gain feedback from the company and teachers in order to improve future reports and research by learning from my mistakes. I wish to express my sincere appreciation! 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents INTRODUCTION. Rationale of the research. Purposes of the research.
Research subject and scope. 5 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. Overview of Debt Maturity. Definition of Debt Maturity.
The Debt Maturity Theory. Factors affecting Debt Maturity – Theory Developing. Trade-Off Model. 18 CHAPTER 2: DATA AND METHODOLOGY.
29 2 CHAPTER 3: EMPIRICAL RESULTS OF DEBT MATURITY IN VIETNAMESE FIRMS LISTED ON VIETNAM STOCK MARKET. Overview of firms on the Vietnam Stock Market. Introduction of Vietnamese Stock Market. Current situation of Vietnamese Stock Market.
47 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY. Recommendations for firms. 62 3 STATUTORY DECLARATION Thi individual research conducted under the direction of instructor Dr. Tran Minh Tuan culminated in this work.
All implications and data are referenced or independently synthesized. I would like to assume full responsibility for the subject's punishment and the school's policies if a problem emerges, as all of the data and outcomes stated in the report are entirely true. I certify that this report is entirely academic. I assure you that the data or documents will not be used for any other purpose.
Hanoi, 29/05/2022 Signature Nguyễn Minh Châu 4 ABBREVATIONS Abbreviation Meaning FDI Foreign Direct Investment HOSE Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange VNINDEX Vietnam Stock Index MSCI Morgan Stanley Capital International FTSE Financial Times and Stock Exchange HNX Hanoi Stock Exchange OLS Ordinary Least Squares regression EPS Earnings per share FEM Fixed Effects Model regression GDP Gross domestic product USD The United States dollar NPV Net Present Value REM Random Effects Model regression 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The trade-off theory…………………………………………………….1: Dramatic fluctuations of Vietnamese Market Example…………….2: Inflation Rate of Vietnam 2012 - 2021. 39 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Variables and Formulation.1: Statistics of the mean of variables .1: Descriptive statistical results of the research variable .2: Correlation coefficient matrix between variables .3: Debit Maturity Regression Results. Rationale of the research The choice of debt maturity structure is critical for firms. Companies must appropriately balance debt structure, is contingent upon this option.
The significance of researching a company's debt maturity structure is in developing models that can summarize and forecast the most significant aspects influencing the choice to attain an "optimal" capital structure that enables efficient resource utilization. Also, companies can finance themselves through debt or equity, which can be either internal money or stock. When they choose debt, they must choose the average weighted maturity of the debt carefully, because making the wrong choice could hurt the market value of the company or put its market position at risk. In 1958, Modigliani and Miller developed the first theory of capital structure, demonstrating that in a perfect market, the value of the firm is unrelated to its capital structure, and that taxes, capital costs, information asymmetry, and bankruptcy costs have no effect, but that its value is determined by the value of the assets it possesses.
However, the problem with Modigliani and Miller's hypotheses is that they are based on unrealistic circumstances. According to a recent study by Serrasqueiro, Matias, & Salsa (2016), the tax benefits associated with the use of debt brought significant value to companies, primarily through tax savings. Additionally, Miller (1977) analyzed the effect of taxes and concluded that taxes have an influence solely at the macro level, not on individual companies. Previously, various theories focused on this choice, expanding into new views and examining the costs and benefits of each, since these new perspectives included taxes, bankruptcy costs, market flaws, and agency costs, among others.
Among the theories that developed following 1958, two theories on capital structure decisions stood out: the Static Trade-off theory and the Pecking Order theory. The Static Trade-off theory (Myers and Robichek, 1965) argues that there is 1 a trade-off when it comes to debt structure selection because while increasing debt increases tax benefits, it also increases bankruptcy costs, and vice versa. As a result, there is an optimal capital ratio that maximizes firm value. On the other hand, the Pecking Order (Myers, 1984) argues that when information asymmetry exists, enterprises should avoid searching for the best capital structure and instead adhere to a tight order of funding.
Internal funds are used first, followed by debt issuance and convertible bonds, and finally, stock issuance, implying that more profitable corporations utilize less leverage. Following that, Jensen and Meckling (1976) formalized the theory of agency costs, and Myers (1977) demonstrates how debt structure can mitigate them and the resulting problems, such as underinvestment and asset substitution, can be remedied by lowering the average debt maturity. This is complemented by Hart and Moore's (1994) theory of maturity matching, with a focus on asset and liability matching. Flannery (1986) established the notion of signaling, demonstrating that corporations employ debt maturity to communicate their financial health to the market through the use of short-term debt.
Taxes were also a significant determinant affecting debt maturity in academic studies, as Brick and Ravid (1985) argued that long-term debt benefited companies through its associated benefits. Rollover risk is also a significant factor, as the premise behind it is that corporations with wider yield spreads will avoid issuing long term debt (Gopalan et al. Leland and Toft (1996) showed that a company's debt weight and its maturity tend to go up together as its leverage goes up. Similar to the prior firm-level determinants, the country-level determinants were put to the test, with macroeconomic indicators and the financial and legal systems taking center stage.
Inflation was one of these, since Wang et al. (2010) hypothesized that when inflation rates rise, enterprises will more employ short-term debt to maximize short-term gains. According to Jun and Jen (2003), as the yield 2 curve steepens upward, firms will gravitate into short-term debt and vice versa in order to avoid higher yields. Even though several theories emerged, and the statistical relevance of additional determinants was established, no unified theory emerged (Terra, 2011) as the empirical results were not consistent.
The expected results are not exhibiting the expected linear tendencies, with the majority of these theories being tested in the United States of America, with few papers focusing on European countries and even fewer on Asia, Africa, or Oceania, with only China receiving more attention on evaluation. Furthermore, these tests are based on periods prior to the 2008 financial crisis and do not take into account the changes in the international scene (Correia et al. In Vietnam, businesses have had many ups and downs over the previous decade. Since 2012, Vietnam's economy has risen rapidly and accomplished numerous remarkable feats.
Companies have had sufficient time to strengthen debt maturity, corporate governance, and debt management. Since 2019, however, the Covid-19 outbreak has damaged the global economy badly. Since Vietnamese businesses have benefited from extremely cheap interest rates on corporate loans, the structure of debt maturities has changed. With the desire to understand the change in debt maturity structure of companies, and at the same time study the investigate the elements influencing debt maturity and the influence of the market on these factors, I decided to choose the topic: "The Determinants of Debt Maturity" case of listed companies in Vietnam.
Purposes of the research • General objective: This topic aims to study the determinants of debt maturity of the non-financial listed firm on the stock market of Vietnam • Specific objective: 3 - This study will organize and systematize existing theories about the relationship between debt maturity and other variables. - This study will assess the current state of the Vietnamese market's performance - This study will illustrate the importance of debt maturity - This study will make recommendations to increase the effectiveness of Vietnamese enterprises' debt usage and the management of debt maturity. Research methodology The research uses secondary data. The data is collected from Finn Group JSC and consists of 759 non-financial firms listed on the stock market of Vietnam and the General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
The data used in this research include - Total Assets from 2012-2021 - Total Liabilities from 2012-2021 - Current Assets from 2012-2021 - Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization from 2012- 2021 - Earnings Before Interest from 2012-2021 - Firm share price from 2012-2021 - Total Tax from 2012-2021 - National Inflation Rate 2012 - 2021 This research uses the following methods: - Descriptive statical analysis - Conducting quantitative research methods to examine financial data, comment on the influence of various variables on firms' debt maturity; 4 statistics, synthesis data and regression according to an econometric model, then analyze and assess the results to clarify the impact in this study. Research subject and scope • Research subject: Determinants of debt maturity • Research scope: - Period: from 2012 to 2021 - Scope: Vietnamese non-financial firms listed in HOSE and HNX. Research gap The importance of Debt Maturity research has positive effects on the evolution of a company's debt maturity management during economic eras. So far, however, there have been no study publications on this topic in Vietnam that cover all companies to provide the most objective perspective.
In the case of a potential market with a rapid growth rate, such as Vietnam, research on the factors affecting debt maturity is crucial, as it can provide directors with the necessary perspectives during the decision-making process and provide both a theoretical and practical basis for finding solutions for companies In response to this gap in the literature, the author selected the topic "The determinants of debt maturity" for the period 2012-2021, using a sample of 759 non-financial enterprises listed on the Vietnamese market. Research structure The research consists of four parts: Chapter 1: Literature review Chapter 2: Data and methodology Chapter 3: Empirical results of debt maturity in Vietnamese firms listed on Vietnam stock market 5 Chapter 4: Recommendations for firms listed on the stock market of Vietnam Due to the limited scope of understanding about finance in general and analytical and statistical skills in particular, some inherent flaws in the implementation of this research are unavoidable. I eagerly await all contributions from instructors, professors, and fellows toward the conclusion of the project. 6 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.
Overview of Debt Maturity 1. Definition of Debt Maturity The maturity date is the due date for the principal amount of a note, draft, acceptance bond, or other debt instrument. On this date, which is typically printed on the certificate of the instrument in question, the principal investment is repaid to the investor and the interest payments that have been made periodically throughout the bond's existence end.