MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY PHAM XUAN QUYET IMPACTS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE ON JOB BURNOUT AND LABOUR TURNOVER, MODERATED BY PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY OF VIETNAM MAJOR: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION CODE: 9340101 THESIS OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MANAGEMENT Ho Chi Minh City – 2024 ii MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY PHAM XUAN QUYET IMPACTS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE ON JOB BURNOUT AND LABOUR TURNOVER, MODERATED BY PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY OF VIETNAM MAJOR: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION CODE: 9340101 Supervisor: Associate Professor Doctor HO VIET TIEN THESIS OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MANAGEMENT Ho Chi Minh City – 2024 iii DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the dissertation entitled "Impacts of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace on Job Burnout and Labour Turnover, Moderated by Psychological Empowerment: Evidence from the Hospitality Industry of Vietnam" is the authentic and original work of Pham Xuan Quyet, a PhD student at UEH University, under the supervision of Associate Professor Doctor Ho Viet Tien. Throughout the research process, every effort has been made to ensure the integrity and originality of the study. The topic was carefully selected based on my genuine interest and passion, and the research methodology, including data collection, analysis, and interpretation, was conducted following the highest academic standards and ethical principles. The dissertation represents the culmination of extensive research, critical thinking, and scholarly inquiry.
The findings and conclusions presented in this work result from the original contributions and insights of Pham Xuan Quyet, supported by the guidance, mentorship, and academic expertise of Associate Professor Doctor Ho Viet Tien and other international and Vietnamese researchers. Furthermore, all sources of information and references utilized in this dissertation have been duly acknowledged and cited following the established academic conventions and ethical guidelines. I affirm that this dissertation is a product of academic rigour, intellectual honesty, and scholarly dedication, and it contributes to the existing body of knowledge within the field of organizational behaviour and human resource management, particularly in the context of the hospitality industry of Vietnam. Pham Xuan Quyet PhD Candidate UEH University, HCMC, Vietnam iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the culmination of this arduous academic journey, it is with profound gratitude that I extend my sincerest appreciation to the individuals and institutions who have contributed to the successful completion of my doctoral dissertation on the topic "Impacts of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace on Job Burnout and Labour Turnover, Moderated by Psychological empowerment: Evidence from the Hospitality Industry of Vietnam." First and foremost, I express my most profound appreciation to the leadership, faculty, and staff of the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City (UEH) and the Postgraduate School of UEH University for providing an intellectually stimulating and nurturing academic environment.
The unwavering support, resources, and opportunities extended to me have been instrumental in shaping my academic and research endeavours. I am incredibly grateful to Associate Professor Doctor Ho Viet Tien, Dean of the Postgraduate School at UEH University, whose guidance, encouragement, and scholarly insights have been invaluable throughout my doctoral studies. His mentorship has been a source of inspiration, and his unwavering support has played a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of my research. I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to Miss Dang Thi My Ngan and Mr Nguyen Duy Khang, esteemed executives at UEH University, for their administrative support and encouragement and for fostering a conducive academic environment for doctoral scholars.
I would love to express my gratitude to Dr. Ngo Quang Huan, the esteemed Dean of the School of Business at UEH University. His visionary leadership, scholarly guidance, and unwavering support have been instrumental in shaping my academic pursuits. Huan's dedication to fostering academic excellence and his commitment to nurturing a vibrant research ecosystem has been a source of inspiration throughout my doctoral studies.
I am also profoundly thankful to Ms. Le Thi Tinh, a member of the faculty of secretary at UEH University, for her invaluable assistance, administrative support, and unwavering commitment to facilitating the logistical aspects of my academic journey. Her dedication and efficiency have been pivotal in ensuring the smooth progression of my research endeavours. v Furthermore, I express my sincere appreciation to Dr.
Hoang Cuu Long from the School of International Business and Marketing at UEH University. Long's scholarly expertise, insightful feedback, and intellectual guidance have been instrumental in shaping the methodological and theoretical underpinnings of my research. His mentorship and scholarly contributions have significantly enriched my academic pursuits and have been pivotal in the successful completion of my doctoral dissertation. I am indebted to the esteemed PhD lecturers at UEH University, whose expertise, guidance, and constructive feedback have significantly enriched my academic journey.
Their scholarly mentorship, intellectual exchanges, and dedication to academic excellence have been pivotal in shaping my research acumen and literary pursuits. Furthermore, I extend my gratitude to the faculty members and research staff at UEH University, whose dedication to academic excellence and scholarly contributions have been a source of inspiration and intellectual stimulation. I extend my sincere gratitude to Dato Professor Elizabeth Lee, the CEO of Sunway Education Group, for her unwavering support and encouragement throughout my academic journey. Professor Lee's visionary leadership and commitment to academic excellence have been a source of inspiration.
Her guidance and support have been instrumental in shaping my scholarly pursuits and have provided me with invaluable opportunities for academic growth and professional development. I am deeply thankful to Associate Professor Dr Daniel Chong Ka Leong and Lecturer Vijaya Malar Arumugam at the School of Hospitality and Service Management, Sunway University in Malaysia. Their academic support, scholarly insights, and collaborative spirit have been invaluable in shaping the theoretical and empirical foundations of my research. Their mentorship and guidance have contributed significantly to the intellectual rigour and depth of this study.
I am incredibly grateful for their collaboration in co-authoring a scientific journal on this research area. It is fortunate to receive love from my family, whose unwavering support and encouragement have been the cornerstone of my academic journey. My heartfelt thanks to my mother, Tran Thi Thuy, whose love, sacrifices, and belief in my aspirations have been vi a constant source of strength. Her resilience and unwavering support have been the guiding light that has propelled me forward in pursuit of my academic goals.
I am also grateful to my sister and my nephews for their understanding, encouragement, and unwavering belief in my endeavours. Their love and support have been a source of inspiration throughout my academic pursuits. I am also deeply thankful to my friends, whose camaraderie, encouragement, and moral support have been invaluable. Their unwavering belief in my abilities and their enduring friendship has been a source of encouragement during the most challenging phases of my doctoral journey.
Their support has been a testament to the power of friendship and has provided me with the strength and resilience to overcome obstacles and pursue academic excellence. I extend my sincere appreciation to all the hotels that graciously supported and facilitated the completion of my dissertation. Their willingness to provide access to valuable resources, expertise, and insights has been instrumental in enriching the empirical foundation of my research. The collaboration and support from these esteemed establishments have not only enhanced the scholarly depth of my study but have also contributed to the advancement of knowledge within the hospitality industry.
I am profoundly grateful for their generosity, cooperation, and commitment to advancing academic inquiry within the field of hospitality. Their support has been invaluable, and I extend my heartfelt thanks for their contributions. Lastly, I am deeply thankful to all the individuals who, directly or indirectly, have contributed to my academic and intellectual growth. Your support, guidance, and encouragement have played an indispensable role in shaping the trajectory of my research and scholarly pursuits.
With sincere gratitude, Pham Xuan Quyet vii LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1. Genders and sexual harassment: the perception of Vietnamese employees via Sexual Experience Questionnaire. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 27(2). Sexual harassment at work and labour turnover via job positions: a qualitative study of service industry employees in Vietnam.
International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, 19(1). Sexual orientations and sexual harassment: Evidence from Vietnamese urban workers. The 3rd Asia Conference on Business and Economic Studies (UEH). Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. xi LIST OF TABLES. xii LIST OF FIGURES. 1 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH.
Overview of Chapter 1. Backgrounds of the research. Myths about sexual harassment in the workplace. #Metoo movement, sexual harassment and its related issues in reality.
Gaps from previous studies. The situation of sexual harassment in the workplace. Job burnout: from physical to mental burdens. The global issue of labour turnover: a problem of the hospitality industry.
The dilemma of psychological empowerment at work. Objectives in details. Research subjects and scopes. The novelty of the research.
The importance of the research. For theoretical perspectives. For managerial perspectives. For practical perspectives.
Structure of the thesis. 31 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEWS. Introduction to Chapter 2. Sexual harassment in the modern world: from daily life to workplaces.
Burnout and its adverse outcomes. Labour turnover via sexual harassment: from intention to decision. Psychological empowerment in the perception of sexual harassment, job burnout and labour turnover at work. Sexual harassment, job burnout and labour turnover in the hospitality industry 45 2.
Perception of sexual harassment in the workplace in Vietnam. Overview of theoretical background. Conservation of Resources Theory (COR). Social cognitive theory (SCT).
Cultural dimensions theory (CDT). Hypothesis development and conceptual framework. The relationship between sexual harassment and labour turnover. The relationship between sexual harassment and job burnout.
The relationship between job burnout and labour turnover. The moderating effects of psychological empowerment. Summary of Chapter 2. 78 CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODS.
Introduction to Chapter 3. Research procedure, samples, and questionnaires. Procedure and samples. Overviews of research questionnaires.
Pilot Quantitative result. Data collection procedure. Cronbach’s alpha test results for Pilot quantitative research. EFA Test results for Pilot quantitative research.
Final research questionnaires. Summary of Chapter 3. 106 CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS. Introduction to Chapter 4.
Demographic results of respondents. Evaluation of the scales by Cronbach’s alpha results. Evaluation of measurement model by PLS-SEM. Evaluation of the structural model and research hypothesis.
Discussion of research results. Gender harassment and its impacts on job burnout and labour turnover. Unwanted sexual attention and its impacts on job burnout and labour turnover. Sexual coercion: different perception towards job burnout and labour turnover.
Job burnout and labour turnover in the hotel industry. The moderating effect of psychological empowerment. Summary of Chapter 4. 141 x CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND DIRECTIONS FUTURE RESEARCH.
Introduction to Chapter 5. Conclusion of the research. Implications and recommendations. Limitations and directions for future research.
198 APPENDIX 1: SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES' BY-LAWS. 198 APPENDIX 2: LIST OF EXPERTS IN THE HOTEL INDUSTRY FOR RESEARCH. 203 APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONNAIRES FOR PILOT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. 204 Objectives of the research.
204 Concepts and relationships of variables in the research. 206 The moderating effect of psychological empowerment in the workplace. 215 Ideas of experts in objectives, concepts, variables and proposed model. 219 Questions for interview.
220 APPENDIX 4: SUMMARY OF PILOT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (INTERVIEW). 223 Evaluation of measurement scales and translations. 235 APPENDIX 5: LETTERS FOR PERMISSION: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (BOTH PILOT TEST AND OFFICIAL RESEARCH). 245 APPENDIX 6: ADJUSTED QUESTIONNAIRES.
LIST OF ADJUSTED QUESTIONNAIRES FOR PILOT QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH .