THEE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR INFRASTRUCTURAL, DELFT | HYDRAULIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING A Preliminary Study on Hydrodynamics of the Tam Giang - Cau Hai Lagoon and Tidal Inlet System in Thua Thien-Hue Province, Vietnam Master of Science Thesis by Nghiem Tien Lam Examination Committee Prof. Bela Petry, IHE, Chairman Prof. Stive, TU Delft, Supervisor Assoc. Henk Jan Verhagen, TU Delft, Supervisor Ir.
Mick van der Wegen, IHE, Supervisor Dr. Hassan, IHE, Member Delft, The Netherlands April 2002 The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this study do neither necessarily reflect the views of the International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, nor of the individual members of the MSc committee, nor of their respective employers. —mtare A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE TAM GIANG — CAU HAI LAGOON AND TIDAL INLET SYSTEM IN THUA THIEN-HUE PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS BY NGHIEM TIEN LAM, IHE DELFT, THE NETHERLANDS, APRIL 2002 ABSTRACT The Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon is the most important coastal lagoon of Vietnam located in Thua Thien-Hue province. Basically formed in the late Holocene (more than 2000 years ago), the lagoon is being in the development stage.
Its tidal inlets, nowadays are the Thuan An and Tu Hien inlets, are dynamic and ephemeral morphological features. Inlet migration and shoal, breakthrough of the sand barrier, erosion of beaches and sand dunes affect on socio-economic development and environment of the province to a high degree. Serious consequences of these processes are adverse effects on flooding and inundation, transportation, navigation, fishery, aquaculture, agriculture, lagoon ecosystem and environment. As a primarily step of research on the system, the study is limited on the hydraulic characteristics of the system with the main objectives are to set-up a numerical model to simulate and investigate the hydraulic behaviour of the system; to evaluate the stability situations of the inlets; and to suggest which processes and data are relevant for the successive steps of the study on morphology of the system.
DUFLOW has been employed to simulate the hydraulic behaviour of the system under different boundary conditions of sea water level, river flow discharge, inlet geometry and configuration. Sensitivities and effect of the uncertainty of sea level rise, storm surges, inlet openings, river flows and tidal parameters on the hydraulic characteristics of the system have been also investigated. Stability of the inlets has been evaluated accordingly. Model results indicate that river flows are the most important acting force of the system during floods.
Tides, storm surges and inlet openings are also important factors changing the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system in these extreme conditions. In the dry season, the most important factors influencing the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system are tides, sea level rise and inlet openings. Tidal water level, river floods, and sediment transport are the most sensitive acting forces influencing the stability of the inlets. The stability situation of the Thuan An inlet is in a “fair to poor” situation, according to Brunn’s P/M,,; criterion.
The Tu Hien inlet, which is relatively independent with the openings of other inlets, is always in a “poor” stability condition. Beside of using the model for hydrodynamic simulation of the whole system, it is recommended to employ a morphologic model (preferably 2D) in the successive steps of the study for in detail simulation of the inlets and their vicinity taking into account of effects of tides, waves, river flows, flow circular by wind, density current, sediment transport. The relevant processes and related data are also recommended for future studies. A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON HYDRODYNAMICS OF THE TAM GIANG ~ CAU HAI LAGOON AND TIDAL INLET SYSTEM IN THUA THIEN-HUE PROVINCE, VIETNAM MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS BY NGHIEM TIEN LAM, IHE DELFT, THE NETHERLANDS, APRIL 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been carried out to fulfil the requirements of the Master of Science degree at the Institute for Infrastructure, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE), Delft under the financial support of the Lamminga Fund and the training project HWRU - TU Delft — IHE Delft - WL Delft Hydraulic.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all who have helped me in the research work. I thank them all for rendering their support and advice, without which this research work would not have been accomplished. I sincerely thank my supervisors: Professor Dr. Stive, Associate Professor Ir.
Henk Jan Verhagen, and Ir. Mick van der Wegen for their valuable technical guidance and perpetual encouragement. My sincere thanks to Professor Ir. Kees đAngremond — Team Leader of the HWRU-TU Delft-IHE Delft-WL Delft Hydraulic Training Project, Professor Dr.
Le Kim Truyen — Rector of HWRU, Mr. Jan van der Laan — Project Co-ordinator, Dr. Vu Minh Cat, Department of Scientific Reaserch and International Co-operation, HWRU. They, together with my supervisors, have made untiring efforts for the arrangement of financial support for this research work and have supported for the study of my wife beside me during my research.
I am grateful for their keen interest in solving all the technical and even personal problems to support my study. I wish to express my thanks to the staff of Vietnam Institute for Water Resources Reasearch (VIWRR), Associate Professor Dr. Tran Dinh Hoi — Deputy Director of VIWRR, Dr. Trinh Viet An — Director of the Estuary and Coastal Engineering Center, VIWRR.
They have helped me and provided me the data necessary for this study. Special thanks to my friends, Nguyen Mai Dang, Huynh Lan Huong, and Tran Thanh Tung, for their support and help in collecting data for this study. I also wished to thank all of my colleagues and my friends for their support and encouragement during my stay in Delft. I am grateful to my family and my family in law for their perpetual support, help and encouragement throughout my life.
Last but not least, I am deeply grateful to my beloved wife and my lovely son for their sacrifices and moral support during my entire study period. Delft, April 2002 Nghiem Tien Lam ii Arena Su onhesoonsucs cre TCA U23 Tp ESTER TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. ‘The Tam Glang-Cau Hai lagoon and The Issued Problems.1 Description ofthe study area. General description ofthe area.
The Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon and tidal inlets system 2 1. Objectives ofthe study 4 1⁄4. Scopes ofthe study. Methodology and approach ofthe study.
General Description ofthe Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon and Coastal Iniets 7 2. The formation and development of the lagoon. The conditions for the formation ofthe system, 1 2. The formation and evolution process ofthe system.
The structure of the Tam Giang Ca Hal lagoon syste ° 2. The water body 9 222. The tidal inles. The sand barriers and the shoreline.
The inland banks. = vo 23, Governing factors and system characterises, B 23. River system and river How tothe lagoon. The characteristics ofthe lagoon water body.
Past studies on the Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon system. Historical development of the inlets.42, Previous studies on the area. Overview on the Studieson Lagoons an 31, oy and genoa) goon nd ia inet gomerphol " 24 3. Coastal lagoon ss - 3.
Hydrodynamic Analysis of Tidal Inlets 3. Tidal inlet morphology and processes. Inlet stability criteria. 341 CS selanl nes eis tai prim cnpiiolrlalondie 3.
Cross sectional stabilities. The P/Mior criteria. Numerical Modeling ofTidal Inlets. Physical processes considered 352.
DUFLOW model Chapter 4. Basic data collection and processing. sn brxanany nor aon Tu Gu Cat icon S9 TE MESSE 4._ River flow data, 4. Monthly and annual flow.
River cross sections on 4:42, Lagoon and inlet cros sections. Sediment anspor in the rivers. Characteristic ofsediment in the inlets and atthe beach. Long-shore sediment transport.
Sediment transport in the inlets. Numerical Model ofthe agoand Inet System eeeeeeeeee Chapter 3. Down stream boundary conditions 5. Upstream boundary conditions 3.31, Effet ofthe cross sectional topography and bottom roughness 5.
of the time step At. Effect ofthe weighting faetor9. Effect ofthe storm surges and downstream water levels, 5. Effect ofinlet openings.
Model verification with the food event of November 1999 5. Model verification withthe flow in the dry season of 2000. Hydraulic Characteristics and Talet Stability Analysis.1, The hydraulic characteristis ofthe system in dry season 6.1, Hydraulic characteristics ofthe lagoon and inlets. Effects ofthe M2 tidal parameter.
Effects ofthe sea level rise 6. Effects ofinlet openings. in an extreme condition of flood The hydraulic characteristics ofthe system 6.1, The flood of November 1999 with different scenarios ofstorm surges: 622. The lod of November 1999 with int seenaros of net openings 63.
Gorge cross sectional stability 6.33, Stabilisation ofthe inlets.4, o Conclusions onthe hydrodynamic characteristics ofthe system and say ofthe inlets.1, The hydrodynamie characteristics ofthe system 90 6. The stability situation ofthe inlets 91 6. Recommendations on the relevant processes and related data for further sudies. Recomme study on the ndation forthe s system.
Recommendations forthe data colleeion. ltpönhd TGs AP8hAnutYEhgrd TEA MSE 42290 ng ưctTế Chapter 7. - Conelusions and Recommendations. Recommendations References Appendix I.
Geomorphological evolution ofthe system. 12, Tidal water level LẠ. River low data 14. Topographic dat 15, Sedimentary data Appendix II.
Hydraulic Simulation Result. List ofsimulations and scenarios 112, results of Model Calibr of October for Flood ation 1983. Effect of bottom roughness. Effect oftime step At 120 1123, Effect of weighting factor 8.4 Best of storm surges and downstream Water levels.
Effect of inlet openings. Results of Model verification for Flood of November 1999. Effectof storm surges: — 113. Effect of inlet openings.
Resuls of Model Simulation for Dry Season. 17 of the M2 tidal parameter. Effects of sea level rise. Effectsof inlet openings.
137 AB Aiigl Sor gủùn3g0nuxCtơ n Tự nu icon no TO S1, LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Thua Thien~ Hueprovince and the study area. The ebb-tdal delta in the south ofthe Thuy Tu lagoon (after Nguyen Huu Cu, 1996). Changing location of the Tu Hien inlet (aftr Nguyen Hua Cụ, 1996).3, Migration and changing location ofthe main inlet (after Nguyen Huu Cu, 1996) 12 Figure 3.1, Diagram of a coastal lagoon, showing variations in tidal levels and seasonal salinity conditions (Bird, 1968) : - 24 Figure 32.
The hydrographical classification ofcoast and tidal inlets 27 Figure 33. Inlet-bay system (after Seelig, Harris, and Herchenroder, 1977) 29 Figure 4. Astronomic tides in May 2000 at Da Nang station. Computed tidal water level it 2000.
Figure 44, Computed tidal water level atthe Thuan An inlet in 2000. at the Thuan An inlet in 1999. Computed tidal water level Figure 4. Computed tidal water level atthe Tu Hien inlet in 2000.7, The observed monthly flows.8, Distribution ofriver flow by season.
Figure 49, River discharges at gauging stations ofthe flood in October 1983 Figure 4.10, River discharges at gauging stations of the flood in November 1999. The schematisation o the river and lagoon system in Thua Thien-Hue province. The variation of water level at Kim Long with different channel roughness.3, The variation of water level at Phu Oc with different channel roughness.4, The variation of water level at Kim Long with different time steps.5, The variation of water level at Phu Oc with different time steps. Effect of weighting factor @ on the water level at Kim Long @ on the water level at Pht Óc.
Effect of weighting factor Figure 5.8, Effect ofthe sea water level on the water level at Kim Long in Flood 1983.9, Effect of the sea water level on the water level at Phu Oc in Flood 1983 Figure 5. Effect ofinlet openings on the water level at Kim Long in Flood 1983, Figure 5. Effect ofinlet openings on the water level at Phu Oc in Flood 1983 Figure 5. Effect of storm surges on the water level at Kim Long in Flood 1999.13, Effect ofinlet openings on the water level at Kim Long during the Flood of ‘November 1999.
The computed vs. observed water level at Kim Long station in May 2000 Figure 6.