THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY TRAN DIEU LINH STUDY ON EXTRACTION PROCESS OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS FROM POLYSCIAS FRUTICOSA ROOT AND LEAF BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full time Major : Food Technology Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2018 – 2022 Supervisor : Dr. Vu Thi Hanh Thai Nguyen, 2022 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program: Bachelor of Food Science and Technology Student name: Tran Dieu Linh Student ID: DTN1854190021 Thesis Title: Study on extraction process of total flavonoids from Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf Supervisor(s): Dr. Vu Thi Hanh Supervisor's Signature: This study aimed to investigate the effects of some factors on the extraction process of total flavonoid content from Polycias fruticosa root and leaf, including: solvent type, concentration of extraction solvent, extraction time, ratio between solvent and material. Moreover, the purpose of this study is also to determine the effects of magnetic stirring on total flavonoid extraction process.
Finally, after investigating the factors influencing the extraction of flavonoids from the Polycias fruticosa root and leaf, the suitable solvent, concentration of solvent, extraction time, solvent/material ratio, material size, and magnetic stirring capability are detemined. Before process of total flavonoid content, root and leaf were washed carefully and dried at 60oC for 8 hours until the moisture of sample was under 10%. After drying, the samples were chopped into small pieces and ground in a mill. The samples were crushed to increase the permeability of the solvent into the raw components and therefore the extraction process’s effectiveness.
In these experiments, the samples were soaked at different solvent/material ratio, solution concentration, size, time, and tested to aid in stirring to determine the factors affecting extraction efficiency. The results show that, the suitable solvent is ethanol (C2H5OH) at concentration of 90%, with a ratio of 10:1(ml/g) for root; 30:1(ml/g) for leaf, size1mm and needs the support of magnetic stirrer for 20 hours for high efficiency extraction process. Keywords: Polyscias fruticosa, flavonoid content, extraction, solvent, ratio, concentration, size, room temperature, root and leaf. Number of pages: 48 pages Date of submission November 2nd, 2022 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This experiment was carried out in the laboratory at the Institute of Life Sciences, at Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry in the year 2022.
First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Vu Thi Hanh from Vietnam National University of Agriculture and MSc. Nguyen Thuong Tuan from Institute of Life Sciences, for their assistance in helping me to overcome the obstacles during the period under the thesis. They were always willing to assist me whenever I needed help and directed me in the right direction for finishing the project.
Secondly, I would want to express my sincere gratitude to my family and friends for always being there for me, supporting me whenever I've encountered a challenge and assisting me in getting through the tough period of finishing this bachelor thesis. Finally, due to my lack of specific expertise, I continue to have several weaknesses while studying, assessing, and presenting on the topic. I am looking forward to obtaining feedback and recommendations from professors and friends to help me enhance my thesis. Best regards, Thai Nguyen, November 2 2022 Sincerely TRAN DIEU LINH ii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER 1.
Overview about Polycias Fruticosa (L. Characteristics of Polycias Fruticosa (L. Overview of the chemical composition of Polycias fruticosa (L) Harms. Overview of the pharmacological composition of Polycias fruticosa (L) Harms.
Overview of flavonoids. The origin of flavonoids. Structure and classification of flavonoids. Overview of properties of flavonoids.
The biological values of flavonoid. Overview of methods for the total flavonoid extraction. The traditional extraction methods. The mordern extraction methods.
Factors influencing flavonoid extraction process. Research situation in the world and Vietnam. Research situation in the world. Research in Vietnam.
MATERIALS, RESEARCH CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY. Material and research scope. Workplace and time to proceed. Experimental design method.
Data processing methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The result of qualitative analysis of the presence of total flavonoids in the Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf. Effect of some factors on the extraction process of Polycias fruticosa root and leaf.
Effect of solvents for extracting total flavonoids from the Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf 27 4. Effect of solvent concentration on extraction capability of total flavonoid content. Influence of solvent time on extraction capability of total flavonoid content. Effect of solvent/material ratio on extraction capability of total flavonoid content.
Effect of material size on extraction capability of total flavonoid content. Effect of magnetic stirring on extraction capability of total flavonoid content. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. Appendix ANOVA data analysis.
58 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Structure of flavonoids. Structure of flavonoid aromatic ring. Basic skeleton structure of flavonoids and their classes.
The results of qualitative analysis of flavonoid presence in the Polycias fruticosa root and leaf. The effect of extraction solvent on total flavonoid extraction. The effect of solvent concentration on total flavonoid extraction. The effect of extraction time on total flavonoid extraction capability.
The effect of the solvent/material ratio on the total flavonoid content extraction capability. The effect of the material size on the total flavonoid content extraction capability. The effect of the magnetic stirrer on the total flavonoid content extraction capability. 36 v LIST OF TABLE Table 3.
The investigation of the appropriate solvents for total flavonoid extraction. The investigation of the influence of solvent concentration on total flavonoid extraction. The investigation of the influence of solvent time on total flavonoid extraction. The investigation of the influence of solvent/material ratio on total flavonoid extraction.
The investigation of the influence of sample size on total flavonoid extraction. The investigation of the influence of magnetic stirring on total flavonoid extraction. 24 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS QE Quercetine Ultrasonication Assisted Extraction UAE Pulsed Electric Field PEF Enzyme – assistant extraction EAE Microwave – assisted extraction MAE Pressurized liquid extraction PLE Supercritical fluid extraction SFE vii CHAPTER 1. Research rationale Life is more and more contemporary, people are becoming increasingly concerned about their personal health, thus they are keenly interested in the helpful substances found in nature.
As a result, scientists have concentrated their efforts on discovering such molecules and determining how to extract them so that they might be utilized in food and medication to benefit human health. Scientists have recently focused on foods that contain antioxidants, a healthful component that can help prevent cardiovascular disease and combat aging. Flavonoids are one type of chemical that is useful as an antioxidant. Flavonoids also have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, and other biological effects.
Flavonoids are found in many plants, fruits and vegetables. Vietnam is located in the tropical monsoon hot and humid belt of Asia with ¾ of the continent's area of hills and mountains stretching from North to South. These natural conditions have really favored our country with a rich and diverse forest ecological system. Our country has up to 12,000 species of higher plants that not only regulate the climate but also have great potential for medicinal resources.
From distant past to present day, medicinal plants have always played an important role in maintaining human health, so the research on medicinal plants has been conducted very early. Herbal medicine is known to be suitable for the body's physiology, effectively treating many complex diseases with little or no side effects. Therefore, the search for natural active ingredients with high biological activity is a trend that is of great interest to scientists.) Harms (Araliaceae) is an herbal plant having a myriad of medicinal purposes. In Vietnam, this plant has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, which is seen as being analgesic, febrifuge, and diuretic.
Polyscias fruticosa is widely cultivated in Vietnam, China, and other tropical countries. Polycias fruticosa has been utilized as folk medicine in Vietnam to cure ischemia and inflammation and to accelerate blood flow in the brain (Tran Phuong Thao, 2019). Moreover, Polyscias fruticosa has long been widely known 1 for promoting health, increasing blood circulation, reducing rheumatic pain. The roots of Polycias fruticosa are used as a tonic to strengthen the body, treat weakness, weak digestion, postpartum women have little milk.
In some places, it is also used to treat cough, hemoptysis, uterine pain, dysentery, and as a diuretic and anti-toxic. The most active components in Polyscias fruticosa are total phenolics, flavonoids, saponin, triterpenoides. Flavonoid compounds in Polycias fruticosa have been used in medicine to treat a number of diseases such as allergic inflammation, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer, helping the body to regulate metabolic processes, anti-aging, strengthen blood vessels and reduce blood cholesterol. Currently, research on the active ingredients in Polyscias fruticosa is still limited, usually only used in traditional folk remedies.
It is necessary to study the method of extracting the important active ingredient total flavonoids from Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf as a basic premise in the preparation of active ingredients for application in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and health foods. Considering the abovementioned problems, the topic of bachelor’s thesis is chosen as: "Study on extraction process of total flavonoids from Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf". Overall objectives The overall objective of this research is to find out the factors affecting the extraction process of Polycias Fruticosa root and leaf with the aim towards improving the pure flavonoid extraction capacity of Polycias Fruticosa root and leaf. Detail objectives The main objectives of this thesis are briefly summarized in the followings: - To determine total flavonoid content in Polycias Fruticosa.
- Qualitative analysis of total flavonoid content found in Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf. 2 - To Investigate potential factors that could influence the extraction process of total flavonoids in Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf including extraction temperature, type of solvent, concentration and extraction time, size of material. Research question - Do the roots and leaves contain total flavonoids? - If having, what factors can influence the extraction process from Polyscias fruticosa root and leaf? 1. Limitation - Due to the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, I had trouble travelling which made it harder to do experiments in the laboratory - The raw material was harvested in the different time so there will be difference chemical concentration.
Overview about Polycias Fruticosa (L. Characteristics of Polycias Fruticosa (L.) Harms Polyscias fruticosa is also known as Ming aralia, which is a member of the Subfamilia Aralioideae; the Genus Polyscias; the Familia Araliaceae and the Regnum Plantae. Polyscias fruticosa is a perennial plant, a small dicot evergreen shrub with smooth spines that grows to be 0. The leaves are dark green in color, have a glossy texture, and are tripinnately split.
Flat fruit is 3-4mm length, 1mm thick and have a spout. Polyscias fruticosa is a popular plant grown as an ornamental throughout in Vietnam, growing both in Laos and southern China. The roots, stems, leaves and branches are all harvested from over 3-years-old trees in autumn, then sliced and dried for later use. As a perennial tree, it can live up to few decades and often planted in temples, family garden or hospital.
Polyscias fruticosa is a hygrophyte and phototropic tree which thrives when the temperature is below 28oC. Polyscias fruticosa is also used as an ornamental plant, which is a type of plant that many people are looking for today, not only to treat diseases, but also to grow as decorative ornamental plants in home gardens, office bonsai, and interiors (Do Tat Loi, 2004). In addition, it also has many benefits for medicine such as: improving health, increasing blood circulation, and reducing rheumatic pain (Pham Hoang Ho, 2003). It also has diuretic, anti-depressant, anti- inflammatory, antipyretic, enzyme inhibitory effects (Do Tat Loi, 2004).
In Polyscias fruticosa, there are alkaloids, glucosides, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, vitamin B1, amino acids including lysine, xystei, and methionine which are irreplaceable amino acids.