Photochemistry Studies of Carbonylnitrenes by Yonglin Liu A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland October 2006 © Yonglin Liu 2006 All rights reserved UMI Number: 3240762 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3240762 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Abstract Although carbonylnitrenes have been well studied by product analysis, very few direct spectroscopic observations of these reactive intermediates have been made. This thesis focuses on the direct observation and photochemical reactivity of carbonylnitrenes. Aroyl azides are studied as photochemical precursors to aroylnitrenes. Due to instability and low UV-Vis absorption of alkylcarbonyl azides, alternative photochemical precursors to alkylcarbonylnitrenes have been developed. The chemistry of carbonylnitrenes has been studied both by product analysis performed with and without trapping reagents (alkene, oxygen, and H-atom donors) and by nanosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. In addition, we have also investigated the photochemical reactivity of thiocarbonylnitrene, the sulfur analogues of carbonylnitrene. Computational studies regarding the chemistry and spectroscopy of carbonylnitrenes are also discussed. Advisor: Professor John P. Toscano Readers: Professor Gerald J. Meyer Professor Thomas Lectka li Acknowledgements I would like to thank many people that have assisted me for the past five years at Johns Hopkins University. First I would like to acknowledge Professor John P. Toscano for time, energy, and support. I would like to thank Dr. Yuhong Wang for teaching me time-resolved infrared technique, Dr Walter A.Wasylenko for showing me around the office, and Dr. Hua Xu for suggestions in organic synthesis. I would also like to thank all the current and previous Toscano group members. I would like to acknowledge our collaborators Professor Thomas Bally at University of Fribourg, Switzerland on the benzoyl azide system, Dr. Gritsan at Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences and Novosibirsk State University, Russia on the computational studies of carbonylnitrenes, and Professor William S. Jenks at Iowa State University on dibenzothiophene-based precursors. I would also like to thank my family back in China and friends, and they have been extremely help in this whole process. At last, this thesis is dedicated to my wife, Yan Liu. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements ili Table of Contents iv List of Figures viil List of Schemes . XVII List of Tables XX Chapter 1.2 Alkyl- and Arylcarbonylnitrenes, Alkyl- and Aryloxycarbonylnitrenes, and 3 Thiocarbonylnitrenes 1.1 Alkyl- and Arylcarbonylnitrenes 3 1.2 Alkyl- and Aryloxycarbonylnitrenes 8 1.3 Alkyl- and Arylthiocarbonylnitrenes 11 1.4 The Curtius, Hofmann, and Lossen Rearrangements 13 1.3 | Computational Studies of Carbonylnitrenes 15 1.4 Spectroscopic Detection of Carbonylnitrenes 18 1.5 Photochemical Precursors to Carbonylnitrenes 20 1. Photochemical Studies of Benzoylnitrene 30 2.2 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Benzoyl Azide 32 2.3 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Diphenylsulfilimine 2.4 Photochemical Studies of Benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 46 2.1 Photoproduct Analysis of Benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 46 2.2 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 2.3 Proposed Photochemical Mechanism 55 2.5 Triplet Sensitized Photolysis of Benzoyl Azide 57 2.6 Photochemical Studies of Thioxanthone-based Precursor 4 64 2.61 Photolysis of Thioxanthone-based Precursor 4 with 266 nm Laser 65 Excitation 2.62 Photolysis of Thioxanthone-based Precursor 4 with 355 nm Laser 69 Excitation 2.10 Supporting Information 82 Chapter 3: Photochemical Studies of 4- Acetylbenzoylnitrene 102 3.2 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of 4-Acetylbenzoyl Azide 104 3.1 Photolysis of Azide 1 with 266 nm Laser Excitation 106 3.2 Triplet Sensitization of Azide I with 355 nm Laser Excitation 112 3.3 Photochemical Mechanism and Discussions 119 3.5 Supporting Information 123 Chapter 4: Photochemical Studies of Thiobenzoylnitrene 136 4.2 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Thiatriazole 137 4.6 Supporting Information 152 Chapter 5: Photochemical Studies of Oxycarbonylnitrenes 169 5.3 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Oxycarbonyliminodibenzothiophene 1 173 5.4 Photochemical Studies of Dibenzothiophene-based Precursor 2 179 5.1 Product Analysis Following Photolysis of 2 179 5.2 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Dibenzothiophene-based 180 Precursor 2 5.8 Supporting Information 193 Chapter 6: Photochemical Studies of Acetylnitrene and Formylnitrene 206 6.2 Photochemical Studies of Acetylnitrenes | 209 6.1 Time-Resolved Studies of 5,5-Dihydro-5-acetyliminodibenzothiophene 209 vi 6.2 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of 5,5-Dihydro-5- 213 trifluoroacetyliminodibenzothiophene 6.3 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of 5,5-Dihydro-5- " 220 trichloroacetyliminodibenzothiophene 6 2.3 Photochemical Studies of Formylnitrene 226 6.1 Product Analysis After Photolysis of 6 226 6.2 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Diphenylsulfilimine 10 228 6.3 Time-Resolved Infrared Studies of Dibenzothiophene-based 231 Precursor 6 6.6 Supporting Information 238 Chapter 7: Attempt to Synthesize Nitroxyl (HNO/NO) Photo-releasing 268 Precursors | 7.4 References 272 Curriculum Vita 275 Vii List of Figures Figure 1-1. Aroyl azides 17 and 18. 10 Figure 1-4, Resonance structures of thiocarbonylnitrenes. Resonance structures of alkyl- and arylcarbonylnitrenes. Acetylnitrene 49, methoxycarbonylnitrene 20, and 17 acetylcarbene 50. Resonance structures of alkyloxycarbonylnitrenes. Carbonylnitrenes studied in this thesis. TRIR difference spectra observed following 266 nm laser 32 photolysis of benzoyl azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon-purged acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760 cm’, (b) 1635 cm" from -0.6 us, (c) 1635 cm” from -10 to 90 us, (d) 1570 cm”, and (e) 1520 cm’ following 266 nm laser photolysis of azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon-purged acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760, (b) 1635, and (c) 1320 cm’ 36 following 266 nm laser photolysis of azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon- or oxygen- purged acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760, (b) 1680, and (c) 2265 cm” 38 following 266 nm laser photolysis of azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon-purged cyclohexane. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1770, (b) 1725, and (c) 2265 cm’ 39 following 266 nm laser photolysis of azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon-purged dichloromethane. TRIR difference spectra observed following 266 nm laser 42 photolysis of diphenylsulfilimine 2 (1 mM) in argon-purged acetonitrile-d;. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760 cm”, (b) 1635 cm” from -0.8 us, and (c) 1635 cm" from -10 to 90 us following 266 nm laser photolysis of sulfilimine 2 in argon-purged acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760 and (b) 2265 cm’ following 266 45 nm laser photolysis of sulfilimine 2 (1 mM) in argon-purged dichloromethane. TRIR difference spectra averaged (a) over 3.6 us and (b) over 90 us 50 following 266 nm laser photolysis of benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 (1 mM) in argon-saturated acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1758 em", (b) 1635 cm” from -0.6 us, (c) 1635 em” from -10 to 90 us, (d) 1485 em” from -10 to 90 us, and (e) 1485 cm” from -0.6 us following 266 nm laser photolysis of benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 (1 mM) in argon-saturated acetonitrile-d, and at (f) 1758 cm" in oxygen-saturated acetonitrile-đ;. TRIR difference spectra over (a) 1800-1460 em” and (b) 1530- 53 1460 cm" following 266 nm laser photolysis of benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 (1 mM) in argon-saturated dichloromethane Figure 2-12. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760, (b) 1485, and (c) 2265 cm” 54 following 266 nm laser photolysis of benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 (1 mM) in argon-saturated dichloromethane and at (d) 1760 cm" in oxygen-saturated dichloromethane. The trapping reactions of nitrenes with methanol observed at (a) 55 1760 and (b) 1485 cm following 266 nm laser photolysis of benzoyliminodibenzothiophene 3 (1 mM) in acetonitrile-d;. TRIR difference spectra averaged over the timescales indicated 59 following 355 nm laser photolysis of (a) xanthone (X, 5 mM) and (b) benzoyl azide (1, 20 mM) in the presence of xanthone (5 mM) in argon-saturated acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1635 cm” from -0.6 us, (b) 60 1635 cm’ from -10 to 90 us, (c) 1660 cm", and (d) 1480 cmTM following triplet sensitized photolysis (355 nm) of benzoyl azide (1) (20 mM, A;,, = 0) using xanthone (5 mM, A,s5 = 0.3) as a triplet sensitizer in argon-saturated acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 2265, (b) 1660, and (c) 1690 cm’ 62 following triplet sensitized photolysis (355 nm) of azide 1 (5 mM, A355 = 0) using xanthone (5 mM, Ags; = 0.3) as a triplet sensitizer in argon-saturated dichloromethane. 10,10-Dihydro—10-benzoylimino-9H-thioxanthen-9-one (4). TRIR difference spectra observed following 266 nm laser 65 photolysis of 4 (1 mM) in argon-purged acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760 em”, (b) 1520 cm”, (c) 1635 66 cm’ from -0.6 us, (d) 1320 cm” from -0.6 us, (e) 1635 cm” from - 10 to 90 us, and (f) 1320 cm” from -10 to 90 us following 266 nm laser photolysis of 4 (1 mM) in argon-saturated acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at 1520 cm” following 266 nm laser 67 photolysis of 4(1 mM) in (a) argon-saturated and (b) oxygen-saturated acetonitrile-d;. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 2265, (b) 1760, and (c) 1520 cm” 68 following 266 nm laser photolysis of 4 (1 mM) in argon-saturated dichloromethane. TRIR difference spectra observed following 355 nm laser 69 photolysis of 4 (0.1 mM) in argon-purged acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760 cm”, (b) 1720 cm”, (c) 1635 70 cm” from -0.6 us, (đ) 1520 cm", and (e) 1635 cm” from -10 to 90 us following 355 nm laser photolysis of 4 (0.1 mM) in argon-saturated acetonitrile- dy. TRIR difference spectra observed following 355 nm laser 71 photolysis of thioxanthone T (0.5 mM) in argon-purged acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1640 and (b) 1520 cm” following 72 355 nm laser photolysis of thioxanthone (0.5 mM) in argon-saturated acetonitrile-d,. TRIR difference spectra observed following 266 nm laser 82 photolysis of benzoyl azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon-purged cyclohexane. TRIR difference spectra observed following 266 nm laser 83 photolysis of benzoyl azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon-purged dichloromethane. TRIR difference spectra observed following 266 nm laser 84 photolysis of benzoyl azide 1 (3.3 mM) in argon-purged Freon-113. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1616, (b) 1660, (c) 1504, and (d) 85 2265 cm” following 355 nm laser photolysis of xanthone (5 mM) in argon- saturated acetonitrile-d,. 4-Acetylbenzoyl azide (1) 102 Figure 3-2. TRIR difference spectra averaged over the timescales following 104 266 nm laser photolysis of 4-acetylbenzoyl azide (1) (0.5 mM) in argon- saturated acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1770 cm”, (b) 1692 cm", (c) 1640 105 cm” from -0.6 us, (d) 1560 cm”, (e) 1640 cm” from -10 to 90 us, and (f) 1286 cm" following 266 nm laser photolysis of azide 1 (0.5 mM) in argon- saturated acetonitrile-d,. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760, (b) 1690, (c) 1670, (d) 1565, 109 (e) 1610, and (f) 2265 cm” following 266 nm laser photolysis of azide 1 (0.5 mM) in argon-saturated cyclohexane. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1760, (b) 1665, (c) 1620, (d) 1560, 111 (e) 2265, and (f) 1690 cm” following 266 nm laser photolysis of azide 1 (0.5 mM) in argon-saturated dichloromethane. TRIR difference spectra averaged over the timescales indicated 114 following 355 nm laser photolysis of (a) xanthone (X, 5 mM) and (b) azide 1 (5 mM, A355 = 0) using xanthone (5 mM, A355 = 0.3) as a triplet sensitizer in argon- saturated dichloromethane. Kinetic traces observed at (a) 1750, (b) 1570, (c) 2250, and (d) 115 1690 cm” following triplet sensitized photolysis (355 nm) of azide 1 (5 mM, Ag3ss = 0) using xanthone (5 mM, A355 = 0.3) as a triplet sensitizer in argon- saturated dichloromethane. TRIR difference spectra averaged over the timescales indicated 118 following triplet sensitized photolysis (355 nm) of azide 1 (5 mM, A¿s; = 0) using xanthone (5 mM, A;;5 = 0.3) as a triplet sensitizer in argon-saturated xi dichloromethane, overlaid with bars representing B3LY P/6-31G* calculated IR frequencies (scaled by 0.96)” and relative intensities of ylide 10.
Nghiên cứu quang hóa của Carbonylnitrenes
Luận án tiến sĩ hóa học nghiên cứu photochemistry studies of carbonylnitrenes, phân tích chuyên sâu, xây dựng mô hình lý thuyết, đề xuất giải pháp khoa học cho vấn đề thực tiễn.
Trường đại học
Johns Hopkins UniversityChuyên ngành
Doctor of PhilosophyNgười đăng
Ẩn danhThể loại
dissertationPhí lưu trữ
55 PointMục lục chi tiết
THÔNG TIN CHI TIẾT
Tác giả: Yonglin Liu
Người hướng dẫn: Professor John P. Toscano
Trường học: Johns Hopkins University
Chuyên ngành: Doctor of Philosophy
Đề tài: Nghiên cứu quang hóa của Carbonylnitrenes: Quan sát và phản ứng quang hóa
Loại tài liệu: dissertation
Năm xuất bản: 2006
Địa điểm: Baltimore
Tài liệu "Nghiên cứu quang hóa của Carbonylnitrenes: Quan sát và phản ứng quang hóa" cung cấp cái nhìn sâu sắc về các đặc tính quang hóa của carbonylnitrenes, một nhóm hợp chất quan trọng trong hóa học hữu cơ. Nghiên cứu này không chỉ trình bày các phương pháp quan sát và phân tích phản ứng quang hóa mà còn nhấn mạnh những ứng dụng tiềm năng của chúng trong lĩnh vực quang xúc tác và phát triển vật liệu mới. Độc giả sẽ tìm thấy những thông tin quý giá về cách mà các hợp chất này có thể được ứng dụng trong công nghệ xanh và bảo vệ môi trường.
Để mở rộng thêm kiến thức về lĩnh vực này, bạn có thể tham khảo tài liệu Tổng hợp nghiên cứu đặc trưng cấu trúc và hoạt tính quang xúc tác của nano composite nife2o4 g c3n4, nơi cung cấp cái nhìn chi tiết về các đặc tính quang xúc tác của các vật liệu nano, có thể liên quan mật thiết đến nghiên cứu về carbonylnitrenes. Những tài liệu này sẽ giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về các xu hướng và ứng dụng trong nghiên cứu quang hóa hiện đại.
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