VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ---------- ---------- GRADUATION THESIS TITLE: ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATHOGENIC FUNGI CURVULARIA LUNATA CAUSING LEAF SPOT TO BANANAS Hanoi - 2023 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY ---------- ---------- GRADUATION THESIS TITLE: ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATHOGENIC FUNGI CURVULARIA LUNATA CAUSING LEAF SPOT TO BANANAS STUDENT : NGO PHUONG HIEN STUDENT CODE : 637411 CLASS : K63-CNSHE FACULTY : BIOTECHNOLOGY MAJOR : MICROBIOLOGY INSTRUCTOR : Ph. NGO THU HUONG Assoc Prof. NGUYEN XUAN CANH Hanoi - 2023 COMMITMENT The research was conducted from 9/2022 to 2/2023 under the supervision of Ph. Ngo Thu Huong, Assoc Prof.
Nguyen Xuan Canh at Department of Microbiotechnology – Faculty of Biotechnology – Vietnam National University of Agriculture. I hereby declare that the data and results of this study are honest and have not been published in any scientific research at home or abroad. References have been clearly cited. Any help during the implementation of this thesis has been appreciated.
i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I want to express my sincere gratitude to all of the Executive Board, teachers, and lecturers of the Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture for helping, encouraging and providing the best working environment for me to complete the thesis. Secondly, I would like to express my most sincere thank to Ph. Ngo Thu Huong, Assoc. Nguyen Xuan Canh for guiding and giving valuable advice during my research so that I could complete my thesis successfully.
Thirdly, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the lecturers of the Department of Microbiotechnology, Assoc. Nguyen Van Giang, Msc. Tran Thi Hong Hanh, Msc. Nguyen Thanh Huyen, Msc.
Tran Thi Dao, Ph. student Nguyen Thi Thu and researcher Duong Van Hoan, Ta Ha Trang for getting me through the difficulties during my final thesis course. My completion of this project could not have been accomplished without their devotion. Last but not least, I crave for expressing my appreciation to my beloved family members, my friends, and colleagues for their encouragement, motivation so that I could complete my graduation thesis.
Sincerely, Hanoi, February 3rd, 2023 Sincerely Ngo Phuong Hien ii CONTENTS COMMITMENT. iii LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Overview of Bananas. Bananas in food demanding. Bananas as economic importance. Diseases causing the banana production loss.
Diseases from bacteria. Diseases from virus. Diseases from fungi. Overview of Curvularia lunata.
Overview of Curvularia species. Overview of Curvularia lunata. Morphology of Curvularia lunata. Various hosts of Curvularia lunata.
Infection mechanism of Curvularia lunata. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Time and location for the research. Samples collection method.
Isolating and subculturing method. Studying on some biological characteristics of the selected fungi strain. Studying on the morphological characteristics of conidia, mycelium and conidiophore of the selected fungi strain. Studying on the culturing features of the pathogenic fungi in different medium.
Screening the ability to produce extracellular enzyme cellulase of the selected fungi strain. Indentification of the selected fungi strain. DNA extraction method. Amplification, sequencing and analyzing ITS gene sequence of isolated fungi strain method.
Screening, detecting toxic genes of fungal strains. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Results of samples collection, isolation and subculturing the pathogenic pathogenic fungi strain. Classification of pathogenic fungi strain HN 5.
Amplification, sequencing and analyzing ITS gene sequence of fungi strain HN 5. Clg2P gene amplification. Screening the development of HN 5.2 strain in different medium. Testing the ability to extract cellulase of HN 5.
Screening for the genes encoding virulence factors biosynthesis in pathogenic HN 5. CONCLUSION AND PROPOSAL. 45 v LIST OF TABLES Table 3. Virulence factors primer pair sequences.
Features enumeration and growth comparison of different C.31 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Symptoms of crown rot in banana fruits. Eumusa leaf spot in Southeast Asia. Morphology of Curvularia canadensis with the scale bars = 10μm and 5μm respectively.
Characteristics of Curvularia leaf spot symptoms on a corn leaf. Leaf spot caused by Curvularia lunata in Aloe vera. Samples of banana leaves with typical disease symptoms. The morphology of HN 5.2 fungi strain in PDA medium (with A: Infected leaves isolation; B and C: Colony morphology of HN 5.2 after being cultured for 5 days and 8 days respectively; D: HN 5.2 strain mycelium; E: HN 5.2 strain condiophore; F: HN 5.
All of the figures were observed under the magnification of 40X). Pathogenicity test of HN 5.2 fungi strain in banana leaves. Electrophoresis result of ITS gene region PCR product from HN 5. Phylogenetic tree based on ITS1/ITS4 sequences of HN 5.
Electrophoresis result for the PCR product of HN 5.2 fungi strain using P1-F/P2-R primer pair. The growth and development of C. Extracellular cellulase activity of C. Detecting pathogenic genes in C.
35 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbriviaions Full word C. lunata Curvularia lunata MEA Malt Extract Agar PDA Potato Detrose Agar WA Water agar Xcm Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum viii ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim to isolate and identify new pathogenic agent causing leaf spot on banana. By carrying out experiments designed and performed under in vitro conditions such as isolating and subculturing, HN 5.2 strain was successfully isolated from infected banana leaf samples in Hung Yen province having typical leaf spot disease.
Experiments including observing the morphological features of conidia, mycelium, conidiophore; doing PCR reaction by using specific fungi primer; ITS sequencing and making use of bioinformatics tools were taken to identify HN 5. The results stated that HN 5.2 strain is closely related to Curvularia lunata strain and it was named as Curvularia lunata HN 5.2 biological characteristics such as the cellulase production ability and culturing conditions were also tested. Among the medium system, Richard agar medium is the fastest developmental media. Outstandingly, four out of six virulence factors primers include HNR-F/HNR-R, Clk1_F/Clk1_R, Clh1_u_F Clh1_u_R and P1-F/P2-R have been amplified successfully in HN 5.2 strain sequence, providing the fundamental knowledge for sorting out the pathogenic mechanism of Curvularia lunata HN 5.
INTRODUCTION Banana has been one of the most important staple crops in the world. It not only plays integral role in demanding food for human beings but also acts as inevitable economical growth factor in many countries. Bananas are placed the fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Dhankher & Foyer, 2018) and contribute 15% in the total of 18 billion USD global trade value. In Vietnam, approximately 1.4 million tons of bananas are planted and produced yearly per 100,000 hectares making up more than 19% of the entire area of fruit crops.
are proven to be a threat in terms of decreasing fruit yeild and quality Despite being the important fruit crop, bananas have been become potential targets for numerous of diseases causing by bacteria, viruses and fungi for a long time (Dhankher & Foyer, 2018) (Siddiq and Muhammad 2020). Among those, banana leaf diseases such as popular Sigatoka banana leaf spot generated by fungal complex Mycosphaerella spp is proven to be a threat in terms of decreasing fruit yeild and quality seriously (Churchill, 2011). Nonetheless, new fungi species have been reported to be the factors causing leaf spot disease recently. Curvularia lunata is a notable fungi species, having ability to cause leaf spot to various of plants such as aloe vera (Avasthi et al., 2015); maize (Jimenez Madrid et al., 2022); rice (Kusai et al.
However, the published scientific reports indicating the infection of C. lunata in banana plants, especially leaves have been limited. In the world, restricted countries such as India witnessed and did research on the cases of C. lunata infection in banana leaves in the recent years (Chowhan & Chakraborty, 2022).
In Vietnam, there have only been published papers about rice plants suffered from black kernel disease caused by C. lunata (Thủy, 2011) With the efforts of scientists and the great progress of biotechnology; leaf spot disease in general can be prevented by physical, chemical and 1 biological methods. The identification of specific pathogenic fungi on bananas especially leaf spot, which is a fast-spreading disease, will plays important role in controlling disease. Therefore, the isolation and study of biological characteristics of the pathogenic C.
lunata on bananas has huge impact on managing banana diseases. In particular, the screening and identification of the virulent genes of the pathogenic fungal strain is the initial fundament in studying the pathogenic mechanism of this fungal strain on the novel host at the molecular level. As a result, I have carried out the topic: " Isolation, identification and study of biological characteristics of the pathogenic fungi Curvularia lunata causing leaf spot to bananas” Research purpose and content ➢ Research purpose Determining the causative agent of banana leaf spot disease in a banana farm in Hung Yen Province based on morphological characteristics and molecular biological method. ➢ Research content • Collecting banana leaf samples having typical leaf spot disease • Isolating and subculturing of fungi strain causing banana leaf spot at Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture.
• Pathogenicity testing on the isolated fungi strain. • Studying on some biological characteristics of the isolated fungi strain. • Indentifying the fungi strain using molecular method. • Screening and detecting virulence genes of the pathogenic fungi strain.
➢ The novelty This is the first study to confirm Curvularia lunata causing banana leaf spot disease in Vietnam. 2 ➢ The scientific significance The results of the study are a reference for further studies on the Curvularia lunata causing leaf spot disease on bananas in Vietnam. These results could be taken as fundamental information for developing disease control measurements. Overview of Bananas 2.
Bananas in food demanding Following wheat, maize, and rice, banana is the world's fourth most significant food crop (including plantains). Its importance is noticed not just in global food demand but also in the global economy growth. Bananas are widely consumed domestically in many countries, particularly in producing countries, where they contribute to a significant source of nutrition and food security for more than 400 million people, according to the Global Market Report in May 2020. There are countless benefits stemming from bananas, demanding essential nutrients for human beings to survive.
A medium banana consists of 422 milligrams of potassium, which is 9% of what humans require on a daily basis. This mineral has heart-health benefits. Potassium-rich meals help regulate blood pressure, relax blood vessel walls, reduce the risk of stroke, and avoid kidney stones in humans. Bananas are also a good source of fiber, particularly soluble fibers, which help to keep cholesterol levels and blood pressure levels stable.
Regardless, green bananas appear to be an excellent source of vitamins (C, B6, provitamin A), minerals (magnesium, zinc), bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, and resistant starch, which may be found in both the pulp and peel (Powthong et al. Banana is a possible carbohydrate source for food consumption, and its starches have strong resistance to heat and amylase attack, low swelling qualities, and low retrogradation, making them useful in the food business as a gelling agent, thickening agent, and stabilizer. Because they are odorless and soluble, these properties are very significant to the dairy sector. Bananas as economic importance According to statistics, bananas are one of the most traded fruits in the world.7 million tonnes of bananas accounted for almost 20% of world output.
The value of importing and exporting different strains of bananas reached approximately 11 billion USD, which is more than the export value of 4 any fruit. Among the nations known for their banana consumption, Asia is the greatest banana-producing geographical region, while Latin America and the Caribbean are the main exporting areas, accounting for about 80% of worldwide exports.