MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN MINH TÂM A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FAMILY IDIOMS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Hà Thanh Hải, Ph. e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN MINH TÂM NGHIÊN CỨU SO SÁNH ĐỐI CHIẾU VỀ PHÉP ẨN DỤ Ý NIỆM TRONG THÀNH NGỮ VỀ GIA ĐÌNH TRONG TIẾNG ANH VÀ TIẾNG VIỆT Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.01 Người hướng dẫn: TS. Hà Thanh Hải e i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I guarantee that the study entitled A Contrastive Study of Conceptual Metaphors in English and Vietnamese Family Idioms is my own work. Additionally, I certify that this work has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for the award of any other degree or diploma, and it does not include any material that has been previously published or written by another person without appropriate acknowledgement.
Binh Dinh, 2021 Nguyen Minh Tam e ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This graduation thesis was completed not only through my own efforts, but also with the assistance of many organizations and individuals, to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude. First of all, I am sincerely grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Hà Thanh Hải for the careful supervision, critical comments, and invaluable advice he provided for me to complete this thesis. Without his endless patience and continuous support throughout the course of this study, the task would have never been finished.
Secondly, I wish to pay my special regards to the lecturers of my master’s degree for their insightful lectures and deep knowledge of linguistics. In addition, I also want to send my warmest thanks to the Department of Foreign Languages of Quy Nhon University for granting me permission to pursue this project. Last but not least, I wish to acknowledge the support and great love of my family and friends, who have always believed in me and given me strength to overcome all the difficulties I encountered while carrying out this study. e iii ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the similarities and differences in the formation of conceptual metaphors in family idioms in English and Vietnamese.
Based on the theory of conceptual metaphors of Cognitive linguistics prosed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003), this study examined mappings from the source domain to the target domain on a compilation of 240 idioms in both languages. To fulfill the research objectives, quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, and contrastive approaches are employed throughout the research. The findings show a small disproportion in how the two languages conceptualize the notion of family. These conceptual metaphors are primarily created on the basis of the source domains, which are the essential needs of daily life as well as on the embodied perception.
In addition, certain types of metaphors are more prevalent in one language than another and vice versa, which may be attributed to cultural and geographical variations. This thesis is hoped to contribute to teaching and learning as well as translating English and Vietnamese idioms based on understanding of conceptual metaphors. e iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
iv LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES. vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .Aim and Objectives. Scope of the Study.
Significance of the Study. Organization of the Study .6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Basic concepts of Conceptual metaphors. Classification of metaphor according to cognitive functions.
Metaphor studies in traditional view. Metaphor studies in cognitive view. Previous studies of idioms .36 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese family idioms.
FAMILY IS A HOUSE. FAMILY BONDS ARE FOOD. FAMILY IS A BODY. FAMILY MEMBER IS AN ANIMAL.
FAMILY IS A CONTAINER. FAMILY IS A NEST. FAMILY IS A TREE. FAMILY HAPPINESS IS WARMTH.
FAMILY RELATIONSHIP IS A ROPE. FAMILY IS A BOAT. MARRIAGE IS THE WORK OF GOD. FAMILY IS A HOUSEHOLD ITEM.
LOVE IS A GAME. MARRIAGE IS A WAR. MARRIAGE IS A JOURNEY. MARRIAGE IS A TRANSACTION.
LOVE IS POSSESSION. Similarities and differences between conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese family idioms. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Research .74 APPENDICES e vi LIST OF TABLES Table 4. The Occurrence And Percentage Of Conceptual Metaphors Denoting Family In English And Vietnamese Idioms.
65 e vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. The mappings of conceptual metaphors THEORIES ARE BUILDING. The mappings of conceptual metaphor ECONOMY IS WAR. The mappings of conceptual metaphor LOVE IS A JOURNEY.
The mappings of conceptual metaphor A FAMILY IS A HOUSE. The mappings of conceptual metaphor FAMILY IS A BODY. Rationale Metaphor has emerged from ancient times, in many fields, especially in poetry with great aesthetic values. Metaphors can be found all around us in our everyday lives.
They improve the effectiveness of language, make it more beautiful, and can emphasize the implied meanings that speakers want to express. This linguistic phenomenon, first put forward by Aristotle, has gained much attention from linguists. According to Aristotle (as cited in Trần Văn Cơ, 2009), the principal feature of metaphor is the name transference or the comparison between two things. Metaphor used to be seen as only a rhetorical device or a method of developing meaning to make language more artistic.
However, the modern perspective on cognitive linguistics was first proposed by Lakoff and Johnson in their groundbreaking study Metaphors We Live By (1980). This revolutionary work is such a crucial contribution to cognitive linguistics, which paves the way for further studies in this linguistic field. Through the view of cognitive linguistics, metaphor is considered as a means to conceptualize or cognize the world. Metaphor can express as well as reflect human perception of abstract ideas or any thought about the world around us concretely through practical experiences by linguistic expressions.
This information transfer in perception is seen as a metaphorical mapping that enables the presentation of one object via the usage of the idea of another item. Being in the limelight for ages, metaphor shows an important role not only in poetic language but also in thinking and action (Lakoff & Johnson, 2003). In daily life, metaphor is used so naturally and automatically that we cannot either recognize the employment of them or point out the meaning transference from different domains clearly. Thus, there is a need to have e 2 thorough research on metaphors under the view of cognitive linguistics to explore how a concept is transferred from disparate fields into language.
In addition, language is not only a means for interaction but also a great way to express its country’s culture, tradition and thought. It can be a challenging task to conquer a language and initiate successful conversations with native speakers from different language users. Thus, interaction problems concerned cultures may arise when different people try to use the same language. There may be some misunderstandings due to not only the below-average language competencies but also the shortage of knowledge of various cultural - social factors.
As can be seen that, it is essential to get insight into distinctive cultures, histories, or ideology in order to use language in an effective way. The research by Kövecses (2005), which shows an agreement with this view, also emphasizes the need to have a thorough investigation into the impact on the way native speakers employ metaphors. To discover how conceptual representations vary across language and cultures, a contrastive analysis on metaphors under the viewpoint of cognitive linguistics of two languages is considered to be the most powerful method to find out the similarities and differences of cultural features. Moreover, on the journey of conquering new foreign languages, learning and using idioms proficiently is such a big goal for learners due to the fact that understanding idioms is based on different aspects.
As Gibbs et al. (1997) state, to be an effective and natural speaker, there is a need to master English idioms. Indeed, for an English learner, communicating effectively with idioms requires enormous effort to study both the knowledge of linguistic and knowledge of cultural reality. Since the idioms’ meanings cannot be inferred from the components’ meanings and the idioms, furthermore, are derived from each nation’s long-standing culture, learning e 3 how to use the idioms properly in each context can cause certain obstacles for learners.
Through the conceptual process of social relations in daily lives, idioms can aid in the realization of native speakers' national cultural image. Idioms are an essential part in any languages all over the world. They are widely investigated in linguistics from different perspectives such as syntax, semantics, or pragmatic (Alousque, 2011; Trần Ngọc Quế Châu, 2011; Trương Thị Tiểu Vi, 2011; Phạm Thị Thùy, 2017). These research mainly focus on linguistic features like structure or function.
These days, along with the expansion of cognitive linguistics, idioms are investigated and developed as a new school of research in linguistics based on human experiences, perception, and cognition about the world. Family is a familiar, meaningful, and sacred matter to every individual, however, it is observed, realized and perceived differently in different nations. Therefore, conceptual metaphors about family idioms are examined to look at how these idioms reflect the natives’ perspectives on material life and spiritual life. To be the best knowledge of the author, just one research of family idioms has been conducted using cognitive linguistics theory, which focused exclusively on a single conceptual domain (HOUSE) in Vietnamese idioms (Vũ Hoàng Cúc, 2020), despite the fact that numerous studies about conceptual metaphors investigated in various subjects such as poems, speeches, journals and others (Li & Xiao, 2017; Lưu Quý Khương & Nguyễn Võ Thị Thu Hiền, 2016; Phan Ngọc Trần, 2014; Nguyễn Tiến Dũng, 2019, Nguyễn Ngọc Ái Quỳnh, 2013; Khudoliy, 2018; Farrokhi, Ansarin & Ashrafi, 2019).
All these things have taken my focus of attention and inspired me to carry out the research entitled A Contrastive Study of Conceptual Metaphors in English and Vietnamese Family Idioms. It is expected that the issues addressed in this research could partially fill in the gap of this domain, and, to some extent, contribute to further research on this field. Aim and Objectives 1. Aim The fundamental aim of this research is to investigate conceptual metaphors in English and Vietnamese family idioms in the light of cognitive linguistics to learn how the conceptual metaphors function in conveying the meaning of idioms.
Besides, it also identifies the similarities and differences of conceptual metaphors employed in idioms denoting family relationships in these two languages. Objectives To achieve the aims above, the study focuses on the objectives as follow: Identify and classify the conceptual metaphors used in both English and Vietnamese family idioms. Analyze the similarities and differences between family idioms in both languages and examine the impact of language, culture and thought on formation and usage of conceptual metaphors. Research Questions To fulfill the above aim and objectives of the study, the following questions have been raised and answered.
What types of conceptual metaphors are employed in English and Vietnamese family idioms? What is the frequency of these conceptual metaphors? 2. What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese family idioms in term of conceptual metaphors? How can these similarities and differences explain the relationship between language, culture and thought? 1. Scope of the Study While idioms can be studied from the perspectives of grammar, e 5 semantics, and pragmatics, this thesis focuses solely on the semantic level, namely conceptual metaphors. To achieve the thesis goal, the study investigates only the similarities and differences in family idioms in English and Vietnamese in the light of cognitive linguistics, based on the Lakoff and Johnson’s theoretical framework of conceptual metaphors.
Important data of the thesis are idioms denoting family in English and Vietnamese.