VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ LỆ HUYỀN A STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS (Nghiên cứu về ẩn dụ ngữ pháp trong thư thương mại tiếng Anh) M. MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Hanoi, 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ LỆ HUYỀN A STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS (Nghiên cứu về ẩn dụ ngữ pháp trong thư thương mại tiếng Anh) M. MINOR THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60. NGUYỄN HUY KỶ Hanoi, 2011 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP …………………………………………………………….i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………………ii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………….iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………….
iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………….vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES PART A: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 1 1. Objectives of the study ………………………………………………………. Scope of the study ……………………………………………………………. Methods of the study ………………………………………………………….
Design of the study ……………………………………………………………3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………………….5 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: OVERVIEW ON SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR ………………5 1. Language and context ………………………………………………………5 1.10 CHAPTER 2: THE NOTION OF GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR ……. Definitions of Metaphor ………………………………………………….12 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Grammatical metaphor vs.
Classification of Grammatical Metaphor …………………………………15 2.19 CHAPTER 3: GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR IN ENGLISH BUSINESS LETTERS ……………………………………………………. Definition of Business Letters ……………………………………………. Classification of Business Letters …………………………………………22 3. Characteristics of Business Letters ……………………………………….
Characteristics of Business Letters in general …………………. Characteristics of business letters in terms of field, tenor and mode. The use of Grammatical Metaphor in Business Letters …………………. Data analysis framework ………………………………………….
Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor ……………………. Types of Grammatical metaphor used …………………………. Implications …………………………………………………………………38 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Limitations of the study …………………………………………………….
Suggestions for further studies ………………………………………………39 REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………….X TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SFG: Systemic Functional Grammar GM: Grammatical Metaphor ESP: English for Specific Purposes LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Genre, register and language ………………………………………………………7 Figure 2: Metafunctional Layering ……………………………………………………………8 Figure 3: Independence of metafunctions …………………………………………………….9 Figure 4: Mapping of components ……………………………………………………………12 Figure 5: Two perspectives on metaphor …………………………………………………….13 Figure 6: Two perspectives on metaphorical variation ……………………………………….15 Figure 7: Direction of metaphorization……………………………………………………….30 Table 1: Types of grammatical metaphor…………………………………………………….29 Table 2: Frequency of use of grammatical metaphor in business letters …………….33 Table 3: Types of grammatical metaphor used in the corpus ……………………………….35 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 1 PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Metaphor, based on the association of similarity, is one of the two basic types of semantic transference (metaphor and metonymy) that have been an interest for a great number of linguistic researchers. According to Galperin (1981), the term “metaphor” can be understood as the transference of some quality from one subject to another. Halliday gives a more detailed notion, metaphor is a verbal transference; a variation in the expression of meanings which involves a non-literal use of a word.
In particular, metaphor is an irregularity of content that consists on the use of a word in a sense different from its proper one and related to it in terms of similarity. Let‟s see examples (1) and (2). (1) The sky is crying. (2) The old professor emeritus is a rock that is becoming brittle with age.
Following the previous definitions, (1) includes an example of metaphor, i. This word is used for something resembling that which it usually refers to, that is, it is used to refer to the weather state of being raining although it usually refers to the physical and emotional state of being crying. Example (2) includes a metaphor, too. In this case, the word “rock” is used in an improper sense, it refers to beings having the quality of being hard and the reason for this transference is the resemblance between the literal and metaphorical references of this term, that is, the resemblance between rocks and hard persons.
Metaphor is a very important feature in human language and is always a subject of central interest in the study of stylistics. But traditional linguistics has long focused only on lexical metaphor whereas systemic functional linguistics has paid much attention on grammatical metaphor, a term derived from the notion that "the form of the grammar relates naturally to the meanings that are being encoded" (Halliday 1994: xvii). To be a teacher of ESP of business field, I have found that grammatical metaphor seems to be a strange notion to our students so I would like to make an investigation into grammatical metaphor in business letters with the hope of bringing this knowledge into my teaching work. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 English has been widely used in almost every field, particularly in business.
As a popular means of communication, English is considered a key to success in international business. And in this business world, in spite of widespread developments in communication technology, business letters are still widely used in the world as a main channel of business correspondence. To achieve desirable results in communicating through business letters, besides taking some remarkable features into account such as: style, language, structure of a business letter, an aspect of the lexicogrammar which involves a higher level of complexity in the process of production and interpretation of clauses – the use of grammatical metaphor should be paid a great attention, too. However, it has not attracted enough research attention.
If we have a good knowledge of grammatical metaphor, we can achieve the desired effect when dealing with business letters. We may have a better and more thorough understanding of this written type of discourse. A functional analysis of grammatical metaphor in discourse, especially in business letters will be very helpful to benefit English learners in better understanding and employing target language and thus improving the communicative competence more effectively. Those theoretical and practical significances have inspired me to carry out A Study on Grammatical Metaphor in English Business Letters.
Objectives of the study The objectives of this paper are: (i) to give a general understanding of grammatical metaphor in the light of functional linguistics. (ii) to examine some typical characteristics of business letters to show the general features of this genre. (iii) to give an analysis of the corpus of business letters in terms of grammatical metaphor in order to see how this notable feature is used. It is hoped that with these objectives, a full understanding of the use of grammatical metaphor in business letters will be achieved.
Therefore, the research questions raised here are: 1) What is the frequency of the use of grammatical metaphor in English business letters? TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 3 2) What types of grammatical metaphor are used in English business letters? 3. Scope of the study Within the limitation of a minor thesis, this study only attempts to find out grammatical metaphor in the chosen corpus of English business letters. The corpus is a collection of 20 authentic real-life English business letters randomly chosen from the eBook titled Instant Business Letters Kit by Shawn Fawcett. I think such a corpus is large enough for a M.
However, the conclusions are by no means representatives of business letters in all cases. The theoretical framework for the analysis of grammatical metaphor in this paper is mainly based on the systemic functional linguistic theory by M.K Halliday, Christian Matthiessen, and James Martin, who are considered as the representatives of systemic functional linguistics. After analyzing grammatical metaphor used in the chosen letters, some suggestions for pedagogical implication are also given with the hope of helping ESP students easily approach grammatical metaphor in general and in business letters in particular. Methods of the study The study employs the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
Qualitative method helps the study approach the business letter samples and find out the general features and grammatical metaphor used in these letters. After the qualitative analysis, the data is also quantitatively analyzed. In the investigation of data, the descriptive method is employed to give a detailed description of grammatical metaphor found in the corpus. After the description of the data, the combination of analytic and synthetic methods will be employed.
Design of the study The study consists of three parts: Part A: Introduction. This part introduces the rationale, the objectives, the scope and the methods of the study. This part is divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the theoretical background of the study.
An over view of functional grammar is provided with important concepts relevant to the topic framework. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 4 Chapter 2 focuses on the notion of metaphor from traditional and new views. Then the notion of grammatical metaphor will be clarified. Types of grammatical metaphor will be also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 3 is the main part of the study. Firstly, some linguistic features of English business letters will be taken into consideration. Then the analysis of the corpus in terms of grammatical metaphor and the results of the study will be presented in this chapter. Part C is the conclusion of the study which provides the recapitulation with reference to the methods, the objectives and the findings of the present study.
Then some implications for ESP teaching and learning at tertiary level are also provided. After that it gives some suggestions for further studies basing on the limitations of the thesis. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 5 PART B: DEVELOPMENT THEORETICAL BACKGROUND CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW ON SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR 1.1 Introduction We use language to interact with one another to construct and maintain our interpersonal relations and the social order that lies behind them and in doing so we interpret and represent the world for one another and for ourselves. Language is a natural part of the process of living, it is also used to store the experience built up in the course of that process, both personal and collective.
From this point of view, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) w a s developed by Michael Halliday and his colleagues. This has been a great contribution to linguistic theory. It is different from all the previous models of grammar in that it interprets language as interrelated sets of options for making meaning and seeks to provide a clear relationship between functions and grammatical systems (Halliday, 1994). Our overview on the SFG will focuse on some of the key points (Language and social context, Context of culture, Context of situation, Metafunctions… ) of this theory in the next part.
Language and context A full understanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context in which it occurs. And context can be considered from two perspectives: the context of culture and the context of situation. The former refers to the broad sociocultural environment, which includes ideology, social conventions and institutions. Halliday argues that it is the social context for communication that regulates the way the semantics of language are employed.
The latter relates to the specific situations within the sociocultural environment (Droga & Humphrey, 2002). Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory of language centred around the notion of language function. While SFL accounts for the syntactic structure of language, it places the TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 6 function of language as central (what language does, and how it does it), in preference to more structural approaches, which place the elements of language and their combinations as central. SFL starts at social context, and looks at how language both acts upon, and is constrained by, this social context.
Knowledge of context (culture and situation) tells us significant information about how language will be used. A central notion is 'stratification', such that language is analyzed in terms of four strata: Context, Semantics, Lexico-Grammar and Phonology. SFL treats language and social context as complementary levels of semiosis, related by the concept of realisation. The interpretation of social context then includes two communication factors, genre (context of culture) and register (context of situation) (Martin,1992:495).