Energy and Environment Research in China Ye Yao Yuebin Yu Modeling and Control in Air- conditioning Systems Energy and Environment Research in China More information about this series at http://www.com/series/11888 Ye Yao Yuebin Yu • Modeling and Control in Air-conditioning Systems 123 Ye Yao Yuebin Yu Shanghai Jiao Tong University University of Nebraska–Lincoln Shanghai Lincoln China USA ISSN 2197-0238 ISSN 2197-0246 (electronic) Energy and Environment Research in China ISBN 978-3-662-53311-6 ISBN 978-3-662-53313-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-53313-0 Jointly published with Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai, China Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948282 © Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publishers, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany Preface With the global warming and the rapid improvement of people’s living standards, energy consumption by air-conditioning (AC) systems in buildings is on the rise. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) and the US Department of Energy, the consumption of electrical energy by HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) systems in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors corresponds to 18.34 % of the total elec- trical energy consumed in the USA, respectively (totalizing 37.
In China, building sector accounted for 23.4 % and 28 % of total energy use in 2011 and 2012, respectively, and about half of total building energy is consumed by HVAC systems. Thus, energy conservation in HVAC systems will play an important role in search of solutions to meet the growing global energy demand. Any techno- logical measures for HVAC systems’ energy consumption reduction require effective models based on which the high-performance HVAC systems and optimal control schemes for highly efficient operations can be designed. This book mainly concerns about modeling and control in air-conditioning systems.
Some advanced modeling methods including state-space method, graph-theory method, and structure-matrix method, as well as combined forecasting method, are employed for the modeling of air-conditioning systems. The virtual sensor calibration and virtual sensing methods (which will be very useful for the real system control) are illustrated together with the case study. The model-based predictive control and the state-space feedback control are introduced to the air-conditioning systems for a better local control, and the air-side synergic control scheme and the global optimization strategy with the decomposition-coordination method are developed aiming at energy conservation of the entire system. Lastly, control strategies for VAV systems including the total air volume control and the trim-and-response static pressure control are investigated with practice.
The book comprises ten chapters that are summarized as below: Chapter 1 (written by Dr. Ye Yao and Dr. Yuebin Yu) introduces background of the topic related to this book, gives a literature overview about modeling approaches in HVAC field, and presents proposed methods to be used in this book. v vi Preface Chapter 2 (written by Dr.
Ye Yao) illustrates in detail the modeling process for HVAC components and system with the state-space modeling method. Chapter 3 (written by Dr. Ye Yao) presents simulation results on transient responses of HVAC components with the state-space models under different per- turbations and initial conditions. Chapter 4 (written by Dr.
Ye Yao and Dr. Yuebin Yu) is related to development of graph-theory approach for modeling HVAC components and system, and introduces the structure-matrix analysis method to study control characteristics of HVAC state-space models. Chapter 5 (written by Dr. Yuebin Yu and Dr.
Ye Yao) deals with the virtual sensor calibration and virtual sensing methods. Chapter 6 (written by Dr. Yuebin Yu and Dr. Ye Yao) is about control design based on the state-space model.
Chapter 7 (written by Dr. Ye Yao) is about forecasting models for air-conditioning load prediction. The two original forecasting models based on the combined principle are introduced. Chapter 8 (written by Dr.
Ye Yao) deals with energy models for HAVC com- ponents based on which the energy analysis program is developed and used for the energy analysis on variable-air-volume (VAV) air-conditioning systems. Chapter 9 (written by Dr. Ye Yao and Dr. Yuebin Yu) is about optimal control of HVAC system aiming at energy conservation.
Chapter 10 (written by Dr. Ye Yao and Dr. Yuebin Yu) mainly deals with modular modeling, control strategies, and sequences as well as test script for VAV system. Acknowledgement The study work related to the book has been financially supported by several National Nature Science Foundations (No.
Shanghai, China Ye Yao June 2016 Contents 1 Introduction .2 Modeling Approaches in HVAC Field .1 Physics-Based Modeling Approach .2 Data-Driven Modeling Approach .3 Hybrid Modeling Approach .1 State-Space Modeling .2 Graph-Theory Modeling .3 Combined Forecasting Modeling .4 Decomposition–Coordination Algorithm for Global Optimization Model .5 Virtual Calibration for HVAC Sensors .6 Model-Based Predictive Control (MPC) .4 Organization of This Book. 21 2 Component Modeling with State-Space Method .1 Basic Knowledge About State-Space Modeling Method .2 Modeling for HVAC Components .1 Water-to-Air Heat Exchanger .5 Air-Conditioned Room Modeling .3 Modeling for HVAC System .1 Component Model Connection .2 State-Space Representation for HVAC System. 108 vii viii Contents 3 Dynamic Simulations with State-Space Models .1 On Water-to-Air Surface Heat Exchanger .1 Subjected to Different Perturbations .2 For Different Initial Conditions .1 Subjected to Different Perturbations .2 For Different Initial Conditions .3 On Cooling Tower .1 Subjected to Different Perturbations .2 For Different Initial Conditions .4 On Duct and Pipe .1 On Straight-Through Duct .2 On Straight-Through Pipe .5 On Air-Conditioned Room .2 Subjected to Different Perturbations. 152 4 Graph-Theory Modeling and Structure-Matrix Analysis .1 Graph-Theory Modeling for HVAC Component State-Space Models .2 Graph-Theory Modeling for HVAC System .3 Structure-Matrix Analysis Approach .1 Model Structural Matrix .2 Reachability Analysis of Model Input–Output .3 Controllability/Observability Analysis of Model.
188 5 Virtual Measurement Modeling .2 Methodology of Virtual In Situ Calibration .1 Development Methodology for Virtual Sensing. 218 Contents ix 6 Control Design Based on State-Space Model .1 Model-Based Predictive Control (MPC) .1 Introduction of MPC .2 MPC in Broad Definition .2 Applications of MPC in HVAC Field .1 Control of a Hybrid Ventilation Unit.2 Control of Space Thermal Conditioning .3 State-Space Feedback Control System Design .2 Control System Design for Water-to-Air Heat Exchanger .3 MATLAB Simulation of the Control System .4 Control System Design for Refrigeration System. 295 7 Combined Forecasting Models for Air-Conditioning Load Prediction .2 Combined Forecasting Model Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) .1 Principles of the Combined Forecasting Method .2 Determining Weights by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) .3 Combined Forecasting Model for Hourly Cooling Load Prediction Using AHP .3 Forecasting Model Based on Neural Network and Combined Residual Error Correction. 327 8 Energy Analysis Model for HVAC System .1 Energy Models for HVAC Components .3 Pump and Fan .5 Water-to-Air Heat Exchanger .2 Energy-Saving Analysis on VAV Air-Conditioning System .1 Evaluation Program for Energy Saving of VAV System .3 Energy Analysis on VAV Air-Conditioning System with Different Air-Side Economizers .1 Scheme for Air Economizer Cycle [27].
356 9 Optimal Control of HVAC System Aiming at Energy Conservation .1 Air-Side Synergic Control .1 Background and Basic Idea .2 Mathematic Deduction of Synergic Control Model .3 Control Logic Details .2 Global Optimization Control .2 Decomposition–Coordination Algorithm for Model Solution. 420 10 Modeling and Control Strategies for VAV Systems .1 Background and Research Status .2 Modular Modeling with Simulink Tool .3 Model Library for Components of VAV System .1 VAV Terminal Unit .2 Variable Speed Fan .4 Other Local Resistance Components .5 Application of Component Model Library: Case Study .4 Control Strategies for VAV System .1 Constant Static Pressure Method .2 Total Air Volume Method .3 Variable Static Pressure Method Based on Trim-and-Respond Logic .5 Control Sequences for VAV System with Different Terminal Units .1 For Cooling-Only Terminal Unit .2 For Reheat Terminal Unit .3 For Series Fan-Powered Terminal Unit .6 Test Script for VAV Control Study .2 General Inspection of Air-Handling and Distribution System .3 Trend Data Review. 477 About the Authors Dr. Ye Yao is an Associate Professor at the School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China.
He received his Ph. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China. He was promoted as Associate Professor of SJTU in December 2008. From September 1, 2009 to September 1, 2010, he performed his research work in Ray W.
Herrick Lab at Purdue University (PU), USA. He was awarded as Excellent Reserve Youth Talent and SMC Excellent Young Faculty by SJTU, respectively, in the year 2009 and 2015, and got Shanghai Pujiang Scholars Talent Program in the year 2012. His current research interests mainly include (a) HVAC modeling and optimal control for energy conservation; (b) Heat and mass transfer enhancement assisted by ultrasound. He has successfully published about 100 academic publications and two academic books (first author) and owns 30 Chinese patents.
He is now the peer reviewer of many international academic journals such as ‘International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer’, ‘International Journal of Thermal Sciences’, ‘International Journal of Refrigeration’, ‘Energy’, ‘Building and Environment’, ‘Energy and Buildings’, and ‘Applied Energy’. Yuebin Yu is an Assistant Professor in the Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction at University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA. He received his Ph. degree in Building Performance and Diagnostics from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
He devotes his research efforts to the fields including (a) smart building technology, including automated continuous commis- sioning and advanced controls, automated fault detection and diagnosis, virtual sensing and virtual calibration; (b) active utilization of renewable energy for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, including low-grade energy, solar and geothermal thermal energy, active phase change material, bionic building enclosure; and (c) built environment modeling and evaluation. At UNL, he maintains a state-of-the-art laboratory with well-instrumented facilities and advanced web-based AFDD platform for smart buildings and advanced building envelope studies. He is an active and voting member in the Technical Committee TC7.5 for Smart Building xiii xiv About the Authors Systems and serves as the sub-committee chair of Fault Detection and Diagnostics in ASHRAE. He participated in the revision of ASHRAE Handbooks on Fault Detection and Diagnostics and Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods.
He has published about 50 academic publications.