Ebook Luật Kinh Doanh và Môi Trường Pháp Lý - Tập 2

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Trường Đại Học Kinh Tế

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Luật Kinh Doanh

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tài liệu

2023

801
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0

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135 Point

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24. CHAPTER 24: SECURED TRANSACTIONS

24.1. ARTICLE 9: TERMS AND SCOPE

24.2. Article 9 Vocabulary

24.3. An Example

24.4. Scope of Article 9

24.5. Types of Collateral

24.6. Software

24.7. ATTACHMENT OF A SECURITY INTEREST

24.8. Attachment

24.9. Agreement

24.10. Control and Possession

24.10.1. Control

24.10.2. Possession

24.11. IN RE CFLC, INC. LEXIS 821

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UNIT 4 Additional © neelsky/Shutterstock.com CPA Topics CHAPTER 24 SECURED TRANSACTIONS To: Allison@credit-help-for-all.com From: Sam12345@yahoo.com © neelsky/Shutterstock.com Hi, Allison. Look, this just doesn’t make any sense. When I got out of school, I paid a guy $18,000 for my Jeep. I made every payment on my loan—every one—for over two years. I paid out over 9,000 bucks for that thing. Then I got laid off and I missed a few pay- ments, and the bank repossessed the car., fair enough, I can see why they have to do that. So they auctioned off the Jeep and somebody else owns it. But now the bank’s lawyer called me and I owe money for a said I still owe $5,000. What is that, a joke? I owe Jeep I don’t even money for a Jeep I don’t even have anymore? That have anymore? can’t be right. I look forward to your advice. Sam To: Sam12345@yahoo.com From: Allison@credit-help-for-all.com Dear Sam, I am sympathetic with your story, but unfortunately the bank is entitled to its money. Here is how the law sees your plight. When you bought the Jeep, you signed two documents: a note, in which you promised to pay the full balance owed, and a security agreement, which said that if you stopped making payments, the bank could repossess the vehicle and sell it. There are two problems. First, even after two years of writing checks, you might still have owed about $10,000 (because of interest). Second, cars depreciate quickly. Your $18,000 vehicle probably had a market value of about $8,000 thirty months later. The security agreement allowed the bank to sell the Jeep at auction, where prices are still lower. Your car evidently fetched about $5,000. That leaves a deficiency of $5,000—for which you are legally responsible, regardless of who is driving the car. I hope you have a good weekend. Allison CHAPTER 24 Secured Transactions 559 ARTICLE 9: TERMS AND SCOPE We can sympathize with Sam, but the bank is entitled to its money. The buyer and the bank entered into a secured transaction, meaning that one party gave credit to another, demanding in return an assurance of repayment. Whether a used-car lot sells a car on credit for $18,000 or a bank takes collateral for a $600 million corporate loan, the parties have created a secured transaction. Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) governs secured transactions in personal property. It is essential to understand the basics of this law because we live and work in a world economy based on credit. Gravity may cause the earth to spin, but it is secured transactions that keep the commercial world going ’round. The quantity of disputes tells us how important this law is: about one-half of all UCC lawsuits involve Article 9. This part of the Code employs terms not used elsewhere, so we must lead off with some definitions. Article 9 Vocabulary • Fixtures are goods that have become attached to real estate. For example, heating Fixtures ducts are goods when a company manufactures them and also when it sells them to a Goods that have become retailer. But when a contractor installs the ducts in a new house, they become fixtures. attached to real estate. • Security interest means an interest in personal property or fixtures that secures the Security interest performance of some obligation. If an automobile dealer sells you a new car on credit An interest in personal property and retains a security interest in the car, it means she is keeping legal rights in your or fixtures that secures the car, including the right to drive it away if you fall behind in your payments. Usually, performance of an obligation. your obligation is to pay money, such as the money due on the new car. Occasionally, the obligation is to perform some other action, but in this chapter, we concentrate on the payment of money because that is what security interests are generally designed to ensure. • Secured party is the person or company that holds the security interest. The Secured party automobile dealer who sells you a car on credit is the secured party. A person or company that holds a security interest. • Collateral is the property subject to a security interest. When a dealer sells you a new car and keeps a security interest, the vehicle is the collateral. Collateral Property that is subject to a • Debtor and obligor. For our purposes, debtor refers to a person who has some original security interest. ownership interest in the collateral. Having a security interest in the collateral does Debtor not make one a debtor. If Alice borrows money from a bank and uses her Mercedes as A person who has original collateral, she is the debtor because she owns the car. Obligor means a person who ownership interest in the must repay money, or perform some other task. Throughout this chapter, the obligor and debtor will generally be the same person, but not Obligor always. When Alice borrows money from a bank and uses her Mercedes as collateral, she is A person who must repay the obligor, because she must repay the loan; as we know, Alice is also the debtor. However, money or perform some other task to satisfy a debt. suppose that Toby borrows money from a bank and provides no collateral; Jake co-signs the loan as a favor to Toby, using his Steinway piano as collateral. Jake is the only debtor, because Security agreement he owns the piano. Both parties are obligors, because both have agreed to repay the loan. A contract in which the debtor gives a security interest to the • Security agreement is the contract in which the debtor gives a security interest to the secured party. This agreement protects the secured party’s rights in the collateral. Default • Default occurs when the debtor fails to pay money that is due, for example, on a loan The failure of a debtor to pay or for a purchase made on credit. Default also includes other failures by the debtor, money due on a loan or credit such as failing to keep the collateral insured. 560 UNIT 4 Additional CPA Topics Repossession • Repossession occurs when the secured party takes back collateral because the Occurs when the secured party debtor has defaulted. Typically, the secured party will demand that the debtor takes back collateral because deliver the collateral; if the debtor fails to do so, the secured party may find the the debtor has defaulted. collateral and take it. Perfection • Perfection is a series of steps the secured party must take to protect its rights in the A series of steps that the collateral against people other than the debtor. This is important because if the secured party must take to debtor cannot pay his debts, several creditors may attempt to seize the collateral, but protect its rights in the only one may actually obtain it. To perfect its rights in the collateral, the secured collateral against people other party will typically file specific papers with a state agency. than the debtor. Financing statement • Financing statement is a document that the secured party files to give the general public notice that it has a secured interest in the collateral. A document that the secured party files to give the general • Record refers to information written on paper or stored in an electronic or other medium. public notice that it has a secured interest in the • Authenticate means to sign a document or to use any symbol or encryption method collateral. that identifies the person and clearly indicates she is adopting the record as her own. You authenticate a security agreement when you sign papers at an auto dealership, for example. A corporation electronically authenticates a loan agreement by using the Internet to transmit an encrypted signature. An Example Here is an example using the terms just discussed. A medical equipment company manu- factures a CAT scan machine and sells it to a clinic for $2 million, taking $500,000 cash and the clinic’s promise to pay the rest over five years. The clinic simultaneously authenticates a security agreement, giving the manufacturer a security interest in the CAT scan. If the clinic fails to make its payments, the manufacturer can repossess the machine. The manufacturer then electronically files a financing statement with an appropriate state agency. This perfects the manufacturer’s rights, meaning that its security interest in the CAT scanner is now valid against all the world. If the clinic goes bankrupt and many creditors try to seize its assets, the manufacturer has first claim to the CAT scan machine.1 illustrates this transaction. The clinic’s bankruptcy is of great importance. When a debtor has money to pay all of its debts, there are no concerns about security interests. But what if there is not enough money to go around? A creditor insists on a security interest to protect itself in the event the debtor cannot pay all of its debts. The secured party intends (1) to give itself a legal interest in specific property of the debtor and (2) to establish a priority claim in that property, ahead of other creditors. In this chapter, we look at a variety of issues that arise in secured transactions. Scope of Article 9 Article 9 applies to any transaction intended to create a security interest in personal property or fixtures. Types of Collateral The personal property used as collateral may be goods, such as cars or jewelry, but it may also be a variety of other things: • Instruments. Drafts, checks, certificates of deposit, and notes may all be used as collateral, as may stocks, bonds, and other securities. • Investment property, which refers primarily to securities and related rights. • Documents of title. These are papers used by an owner of goods who ships or stores them. The documents are the owner’s proof that he owns goods no longer in his CHAPTER 24 Secured Transactions 561 Manufacturer 3 Files Financing Statement State Agency (Secured Party) 1 Sells Scanner to Clinic © Cengage Learning 2013 2 (Debtor) EXHIBIT 24.1 A simple security agreement: (1) The manufacturer sells a CAT scan machine to a clinic, taking $500,000 and the clinic’s promise to pay the balance over five years. (2) The clinic simultaneously authenticates a security agreement. (3) The manufacturer perfects by electronically filing a financing statement. For example, an owner sending goods by truck will obtain a bill of lading, a receipt indicating where the goods will be shipped and who gets them when they arrive. Similarly, a warehouse receipt is the owner’s receipt for goods stored at a warehouse. The owner may use these and other similar documents of title as collateral. • Account means a right to receive payment for goods sold or leased. This includes, for example, accounts receivable, indicating various buyers owe a merchant money for goods they have already received. The category now includes health-insurance receivables. Article 9 now covers security interests in deposit accounts (money placed in banks). • Commercial tort claims. An organization that has filed a tort suit may use its claim as collateral. Personal injuries to individuals are not covered by this article. This is a residual category, designed to include many kinds of collateral that do not appear elsewhere on the list, such as copyrights, patents, trademarks, goodwill, and the right to payment of some loans. 562 UNIT 4 Additional CPA Topics • Chattel paper. This is a record that indicates two things: (1) an obligor owes money and (2) a secured party has a security interest in specific goods. Chattel paper most commonly occurs in a consumer sale on credit. If a dealer sells an air conditioner to a customer, who agrees in writing to make monthly payments and also agrees that the dealer has a security interest in the air conditioner, that agreement is chattel paper. The same chattel paper may be collateral for a second security interest.

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