Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the MSc in Finance FINANCE DISSERTATION ON THE DETERMINANTS OF BANK PROFITABILITY: THE CASE OF VIETNAMESE LISTED BANKS …. NGUYEN THI KHANH LINH ID No: 19046150 Intake 3 Supervisor: Dr Nguyen Thanh Nhan September 2020 ABSTRACT This research investigates the determinants of profitability of Vietnamese listed banks over the five-year period, from 2015 to 2019. In total, 64 observations are collected from 3 listed banks in HNX and 10 listed banks in HoSE. This paper employs quantitative design with the help of various statistical mathematical tools to discover the relationship between variables.
Dependent variables of the research are indicators of bank’s profitability while independent variables are bank-specific factors, which are size, capital adequacy, loan ratio, deposit ratio and bad debt ratios, and macroeconomic factors, which are re-discount interest rate and inflation rate. Using the Pearson correlation method, the research concludes that CAP (capital ratio) is the determinant with positive influence while DEP (deposit ratio) and UEP (unemployment rate) are determinants with negative influences. In addition, this paper constructs three model to describe profitability indicators from seven investigated independent variables. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION.
Overview about the research methodology. Overview about the Vietnamese banking system. Profitability: definition and measurements. Theories about the profits and profitability.
The rent theory suggested by Walker (1887). The risk theory suggested by Hawley (1893). The wage theory of profit suggested by Taussig (1910). The uncertainty-bearing theory suggested by Knight (1921).
The innovation theory suggested by Schumpeter (1934). The dynamic theory of profits suggested by Clark (1990). Cross-countries researches. Single country researches.
Researches on Vietnamese market. Summary about previous researches. 20 CHAPTER III – METHODOLOGY. Collection of data and sampling techniques.
Variables used in the research. 26 CHAPTER IV – ANALYZES AND FINDINGS. 40 CHAPTER IV – CONCLUSIONS. Limitations and recommendations for the future researches .48 LIST OF TABLE Table 1: Summary about previous researches Table 2: Banks included in the research Table 3: Description of variables used in the research Table 4: Descriptive statistics Table 5: Correlations results Table 6: Hypothesis acceptance Table 7: Variables Entered/Removed Table 8: Model summary Table 9: ANOVA test Table 10: Coefficients Table 11: Variables Entered/Removed Table 12: Model Summary Table 13: ANOVA test Table 14: Coefficients Table 15: Variables Entered/Removed Table 16: Model Summary Table 17: ANOVA test Table 18: Coefficients 1 CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 1.
Rationale If the economy is considered as a body, the banking system will play the role of blood veins, which allocate the funds from savers to borrowers. The importance of the financial institutions in general and the banking system in particular for the economy could not be rejected. Both microeconomic and macroeconomic activities largely depend on the banking system. As a business organization, making profits is one of its surviving purposes and the profitability of banking system will contribute to the stability of the economy.
Researching on the determinants of bank’s profitability is important for bank’s management to adjust policy and formulate appropriate strategy. This topic receives many attentions from scholars and economists. The determinants of bank’s profitability could be categorized into three main groups: (1) bank-specific factors, (2) industry-specific factors and (3) macroeconomic factors. For the first group, the common indicators are total assets, equity ratio, loan ratio, deposit ratio, liquidity ratio and so on.
The common indicator of the second group is market concentration and the main indicators for the third group is inflation rate, economic growth, unemployment rate and interest rate. On the other hand, the popular indicators of bank’s profitability are ROA, ROE, and NIM. There are many empirical researches to determine the influencers of bank’s profitability. Some researchers investigate some countries at the same time, such as the research of Yılmaz (2013) on emerging countries or the research of Petria et 2 al.
(2015) on European countries or the research of Islam & Nishiyama (2016) on South Asian countries. Whereas, some researches take into account single market in researches, such as the research of Obamuyi (2013) on Nigeria, the research of Serwadda (2018) on Hungary or the research of Tam et al. (2017) on Vietnam market. Findings of different researches are also different.
For example, Yılmaz (2013) suggests that determinants of bank’s profitability are capital adequacy, operating expense management, credit risk, bank size and inflation rate while Tam et al. (2017) concludes the determinants are size, asset growth rate, GDP growth rate and interest rate. Generally, different researches on different target markets got different results or even the researches on the same target market but covering different time concluded differently. This research aims to investigate the determinants of bank profitability using the cases of Vietnamese banks during five most recent years, from 2015 to 2019.
Research questions This paper aims to find answers for two below research questions: (1) What are potential determinants of profitability for the bank? Through carefully reviewing both available theories and previous empirical researches, the research will come to the conclusion about the potential determinants of bank’s profitability in general. Then, the research will select some determinants to investigate their effects on Vietnamese banks. (2) What are the determinants of profitability for Vietnamese banks? The selected potential determinants from the first research question will be investigated empirically for the case of Vietnamese banks using various statistic tools. The level and direction of influencing relationship will be concluded.
In 3 addition, the research will aim to construct regression models, which are used to explain the bank’s profitability indicators by included dependent variables. Research scope The research targeted Vietnamese listed banks only. There are two stock exchange markets in Vietnam, which are Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX) and Hochiminh Stock Exchange (HoSE) and the research considers both of them. The covered period is five most recent years, from 2015 to 2019.
Overview about the research methodology This paper employs quantitative design with the help of various statistical mathematical tools to discover the relationship between variables. The researcher expects to collect data from all listed thirteen banks during five most recent years, from 2015 to 2019. Therefore, in total, there are 65 observations should be collected. Rather than primary data, the secondary data is employed to generate results.
Selected indicators of bank’s profitability as dependent variables are ROA, ROE and NIM. Whereas, selected independent variables are some bank- specific factors and some macroeconomic factors. Research structure There are five chapters in this paper: Chapter I: Introduction Chapter II: Literature Reviews Chapter III: Methodology Chapter IV: Analyses and Findings Chapter V: Conclusion 4 CHAPTER II – LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Overview about the Vietnamese banking system Vietnamese bank system is bank-based financial system, where the financial sources for companies mainly come from the bank system.
Before Revolution (Doi Moi) in 1986, rather than market-oriented, the financial system of Vietnam was operated by only the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV for short), which acted as the government’s tool and budget. From Revolution with economic reform purposes and plans, the Vietnamese banking system has been operating and developing in market-orientation and get many improving results (Thanh, 2010). The Vietnamese economy, with the transformation from a centrally planned to market-oriented, got many sweet fruits and developments. Its banking system is not an exemption.
From 1990, with three Decrees, from one-tier, Vietnamese banking system has been two-tier system with the liberation of other banks except SBV. Then, the Vietnamese banking system developed quickly (Thanh, 2010). Until end of 2019, total assets of Vietnamese banking system were 12,146,226 billion Vietnam Dong and total charter capital were 617,473 billion Vietnam Dong and various bank types, including State commercial banks (4 banks), Policy banks (2 banks), Commercial Joint Stock banks (31 banks), Foreign banks (9 banks), and Co-operative bank (1 banks) (According to statistics of the State Bank of Vietnam published in its official website http://Sbv. Despite above developments, Vietnamese banking system has low market capitalization, which is only 33% GDP in 2016 (Vuong, 2018).
In the bond market, the main player is 5 government (accounting more than 90%) and the bond market was worth 15% GDP (Vuong, 2018). Profitability: definition and measurements Profit and profitability are two different concepts but they are closely related. Both terms aim to measure the earning capacity, but while the profit is the absolute number, the profitability is the relative one (Nishanthini & Nimalathasan, 2013) The classic definition of the profit provided by Hicks (1946) considered the profit as the maximum distribution, which could be distributed to shareholders during the period while the economic value of the organization’s net assets was maintained constant. Besides, Barker (2010) suggested that the profit should be equal the difference between income and expenses, but also mentioned that sometime it is not yet in the practice.
Making profit is considered as the primary purpose of a business (Nimalathasan, 2009). Among different financial reports, the profit that company earned during the time period appears in the income statement and it is calculated as total revenue fewer total expenses. Different from the profit, which is the absolute amount, the profitability is a relative value. It measures the business’s ability to make and maintain the profits during the year to year.
It indicates the efficiency of management and it is one important consideration of investors in investing decision making (Menicucci & Paolucci, 2016). 6 There are many metrics used to measure the firm’s profitability, such as net profit margin (NPM), ROA, ROE, ROI, and NIM, which is the special profitability indicator for the bank. NPM indicates the remaining percentage of revenue after deducting all operating expenses and interest, taxes and dividends paid to preferred stockholders (Weygandt, et al. Its formula is as below: 𝑁𝑃𝑀 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 − 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 − 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 ROA indicates the percentage growth rate of profit that a company is able to generate from its usage of asset and therefore, it communicates how profitable the company is relative to its owned total assets (Weygandt, et al.
Its formula is as below: 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑂𝐴 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 ROE indicates the percentage growth rate of profit that a company is able to generate from its usage of shareholder’s equity and therefore, it shows how profitable the company is relative to its shareholder’s equity (Weygandt, et al. Its formula is as below: 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑂𝐸 = 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 ROI indicates the percentage of return that a company is able to generate from its usage of total received investment and therefore, it shows how much the company could earn is relative to costs (Weygandt, et al. Its formula is as below: 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑅𝑂𝐼 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑 7 NIM is the popular profitability for the bank and it is used to analyse the efficiency and effectiveness of the bank’s operation. NIM ratio measures how much the bank could earn as the interest incomes per unit of the interest expenses (Saksonova, 2014).
Its formula is as below: (𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 − 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑) 𝑁𝐼𝑀 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 2. Theories about the profits and profitability 2. The rent theory suggested by Walker (1887) According to the rent theory suggested by Walker (1887), the profit is the rent of the ability and suggested that the entrepreneurs with superior abilities will be able to earn profits like superior’s lander could earn rent. He divided entrepreneurs into two groups: ones have super abilities and ones not.
Accordingly, only the first group is able to earn profits as rewards for their abilities that the second group does not have. He suggested that the profit is not different from the rent because the rent is the differential surplus that the superior land has over the no rent land. The second group is just like the no rent land, which could not make profit and is the least efficient one.