VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES VÕ VIỆT CƯỜNG SOME DISCOURSE FEATURES OF REQUESTS AND THEIR RESPONSES IN SHORT CONVERSATIONS IN THE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION OF TOEFL MATERIALS Một số đặc điểm diễn ngôn của yêu cầu và đáp lại yêu cầu trong các hội thoại ngắn trong mục nghe hiểu của tài liệu luyện thi TOEFL M. MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 HANOI – 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES VÕ VIỆT CƯỜNG SOME DISCOURSE FEATURES OF REQUESTS AND THEIR RESPONSES IN SHORT CONVERSATIONS IN THE LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION OF TOEFL MATERIALS Một số đặc điểm diễn ngôn của yêu cầu và đáp lại yêu cầu trong các hội thoại ngắn trong mục nghe hiểu của tài liệu luyện thi TOEFL M. MINOR THESIS FIELD: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 60 22 15 SUPERVISOR: PHẠM XUÂN THỌ, M. HANOI – 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com v TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration i Acknowledgments ii Abstract iii Table of contents v List of tables vii PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 1.
Rationale for the study 1 2. Aims of the study 3 3. Scope of the study 3 4. Methods of the study 4 5.
Design of the study 4 PART II: DEVELOPMENT 5 Chapter 1: Theoretical background 5 1. Systemic Functional Grammar and the clause 5 1. A brief overview of Systemic Functional Grammar 5 1. Above the clause: the clause complex 7 1.
Clause complex and sentence 7 1. Types of interdependency in clause complexes: parataxis and hypotaxis 8 1. A brief overview of logico-semantic relations in clause complexes: expansion and projection 9 1. Enhancement 13 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.
Implicitly marked logical-semantic relations in expansion 15 1. Summary 17 Chapter 2: Expansion in the requests and their responses of the short conversations18 2. Clause complexes in the requests and their responses of the short conversations 19 2. Expansion in the requests and their responses of the short conversations 24 2.
Conjunctions for expansion in the requests and their responses of the short conversations 32 2. Summary 37 PART III: CONCLUSION 38 1. Suggestions for further research 40 References 41 Appendix: Twenty selected short conversations I (LUAN.materials TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.materials vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The rank scale (Thomson, 1996:22) 7 Table 2: Primary and secondary clauses (Halliday, 1994:219) 8 Table 3: Basic types of clause complex (Halliday, 1994:220) 10 Table 4: Inserted conjunctions in the short conversations 22 Table 5: Percentages of paratactic expansion in the short conversations 31 Table 6: Percentages of hypotactic expansion in the short conversations 31 Table 7: Original conjunctions in the short conversations 33 (LUAN.materials TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.materials 1 PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale for the study Besides IELTS (International English Language Testing System), TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication), and TOEFL iBT (Test of English as a Foreign Language: Internet-based Test), TOEFL ITP (Test of English as a Foreign Language: Institutional Testing Program), which is composed of previously administered TOEFL Paper-based Test forms or TOEFL PBT, has often been used to test the English competence of learners.
A certain acceptable TOEFL ITP score is now one of the conditions and options which can help professionals get a higher degree or advancement in their career or both. This is manifested in Circular number 08/2009/TT-BGDĐT from the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam that candidates who have a valid minimum TOEFL ITP score of 400 or higher do not have to take the English entrance examination for his M. In addition, candidates who have a valid TOEFL ITP score of 450 or higher are allowed to defend their M. dissertation without taking the final exam in English.
This is also manifested in Circular number 10/2009/TT-BGDĐT from the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam that candidates who have a valid minimum TOEFL ITP score of 450 or higher do not have to take the Ph. entrance examination for English, and candidates who have a valid TOEFL ITP score of 500 or higher are allowed to defend their Ph. dissertation without taking the final exam in English. Realizing the importance of English, the President of Thai Nguyen University issued Decision number 805QĐ/TCCB stating that from 2008, a TOEFL ITP score is one of the conditions and options used to decide the job status of the lecturers in all member institutions of the University.
Specifically, only applicants with a minimum TOEFL ITP score of 400 can sign teaching contracts; only applicants with a minimum TOEFL ITP score of 450 can apply for a permanent teaching position. A considerable number of other institutions, like Hanoi University of Education, also require their lecturers to have a valid and acceptable TOEFL ITP score. As a teacher of English in Thai Nguyen University, I have had some experience in instructing quite a large number of students in TOEFL ITP. During the lessons, I have found that listening seems to be a challenge to my students.
One reason is that their English is not good enough. Our students are graduates, so they probably have the (LUAN.materials TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.materials 2 necessary experience and knowledge about the world. However, their knowledge of English is quite limited because they were not English majors, and the majority of them do not use English much in their jobs. Thus, they tend to do poorly in the listening comprehension section of the practice tests in TOEFL PBT materials designed and introduced by ETS (Educational Testing Service), in which the short conversations between two people in part A are the first challenge.
Besides the high speaking speed of the native speakers in the recordings and the fact that test takers are allowed to listen to the recordings only one time without taking notes, the meaning of each conversation conveyed by the grammatical structures seems to be one of the linguistic components affecting the students‘ understanding. This means that to comprehend these conversations, the students have to combine their knowledge of the world and their experience with their knowledge of English, in which phonetics and semantics are logically structured and conveyed in grammar to create communication or language in use known as discourse in social contexts. This also means that grammar is the base supporting meaning in discourse and discourse analysis. This role of grammar has been recognized by Halliday (1994: xvi): ….
But whatever the final purpose or direction of the analysis, there has to be a grammar at the base. The current preoccupation is with discourse analysis, or ‘text linguistics’; and it is sometimes assumed that this can be carried on without grammar – or even that it is somehow an alternative to grammar. But this is an illusion. A discourse analysis that is not based on grammar is not an analysis at all, but simply a running commentary on a text: ….
The requests and their responses in the short conversations between two people in part A of the listening comprehension section of the TOEFL PBT practice tests by ETS consist of clause complexes formed by clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar. These clause complexes help the speakers in these conversations express their intentions in a logical way known as the logico-semantic relations among their clauses in Systemic Functional Grammar. The reason for the analysis of the clause complexes in the requests and their responses in these conversations also originates from Halliday‘s (1994:224) viewpoint: The clause complex is of particular interest in spoken language, because it represents the dynamic potential of the system – the ability to ‘choreograph’ very long and intricate patterns of semantic movement while maintaining a continuous flow of discourse that is (LUAN.materials TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.materials 3 coherent without being constructional. This kind of flow is very uncharacteristic of written language.
All the reasons above have encouraged us to conduct an analysis of clause expansion in the requests and their responses in these short conversations in light of Systemic Functional Grammar so as to know how it functions to display their typical discourse features, which can contribute to improving the teaching and learning of the conversations of this kind. Aims of the study As stated in the title and the rationale for the study, this study is intended to find out the typical discourse features of the requests and their responses in the short conversations in the listening comprehension section of the TOEFL PBT practice tests in light of clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar. To achieve this aim, the study attempts to answer the following research questions: 1. How does clause expansion function in relation to the other aspects of Systemic Functional Grammar to display the typical discourse features of the requests and their responses in the short conversations in the listening comprehension section of the TOEFL PBT practice tests? 2.
Which typical discourse features in light of clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar can be generalized from the analysis of the requests and their responses in the short conversations in the listening comprehension section of the TOEFL PBT practice tests? 3. Scope of the study As stated in the aims of the study, within the framework of an M. minor thesis, we can only focus on the issues concerning clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar in the requests and their responses in the short conversations in the listening comprehension section of the TOEFL PBT practice tests. These issues are the components of clause expansion and clause expansion-related aspects of Systemic Functional Grammar, which are discussed and realized throughout the study.
Twenty short conversations containing requests and their responses were selected from Part A of the listening comprehension scripts of the book ―TOEFL Preparation Kit Workbook 2002- 2003, Volume 1‖ designed and introduced by ETS. Each of the short conversations (LUAN.materials TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.materials 4 consists of two utterances, each of which is made by a man or a woman. Only the clause complexes in the requests and their responses are analyzed in light of clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar. The twenty short conversations under analysis were selected according to Quang‘s (2007:151-172) and Nguyen and Vinh‘s (2008:182-184) suggestions for identifying and using requests and their responses, which will be discussed in more detail in the introduction of chapter two of the dissertation.
Methods of the study The basic methods applied to this study are descriptive, comparative, and analytical methods of language research which are generally inductive. Firstly, the issues concerning clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar are extracted, described, compared, and discussed in chapter one of the thesis to set up the theoretical background underlying the analysis, discussion, and generalization in chapter two and part three of the dissertation. Then, the thirty-two clause complexes in the requests and their responses in the twenty selected short conversations are analyzed in light of clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar. In chapter two and part three of the thesis, the results of the study will be discussed and generalized based on the statistics to be able to contribute to improving the teaching and understanding of the conversations of this kind.
Design of the study This dissertation consists of three main parts: Part one presents the rationale for the study, the aims, scope, methods, and design of the study. Part two consists of two chapters. Chapter one discusses clause expansion and its relevant issues in Systemic Functional Grammar that underlie the analysis of the clause complexes in the requests and their responses in the short conversations in chapter two. Chapter two analyzes the clause complexes in the requests and their responses in the short conversations in light of clause expansion in Systemic Functional Grammar and discusses their typical discourse features.
Each section of this chapter analyzes and discusses one aspect of expansion in the requests and their responses.