THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN TRUNG ANH UTILIZING REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN TAIPEI CITY BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full - Time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : K43 – AEP THAI NGUYEN - 30/09/2015 i n Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Full name NGUYEN TRUNG ANH Student ID DTN1153110166 Utilizing remote sensing data for assessing the effect of land Thesis title use changes on Urban Heat Island in Taipei City. Tang-Huang Lin and Assoc. Nguyen The Supervisor Hung ABSTRACT Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter to human living environment and the pattern of regional weather. The changes of LST might be caused from seasonal variation, weather patterns as well as land cover and land use (LCLU) alterations.
For the urban area, the type of LCLU according to urban development could increase LST thus enhanced the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Taipei City has urbanized rapidly since 1967, and urban warming appeared from 1980s. The effects of urbanization on local weather and climate change resulted in a remarkable increase in mean and minimum temperatures. However, urbanization resulted in little change in maximum temperature in Taipei City.
The increase in minimum temperature in summer is significant in Taipei City The frame work of national land surface temperature is presented with remote sensing data. The proposed system uses the features of existing widely used classification approaches that are amenable to data derived from remote sensing sources. Taipei, Taiwan, Land surface temperature, Urbanization, Keywords Land cover change, Remote sensing; Number of pages 47 Date of submission September 30, 2015 i n ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we wish to express our sincere thanks to Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research (CSRSR) of National Central University (NCU) for providing us all the necessary facilities and all the students who help me the scientific knowledge to complete this thesis. In particular, we would like to thank our principal research adviser Assoc.
Tang-Huang Lin and Assoc. Nguyen The Hung guided me wholeheartedly when we implement this thesis. With qualifications, experience and time is limited to topics inevitable shortcomings. I would like to receive the only protection, input of teachers so that I can complete your project.
I also want to say thank to International Training and Development Center – Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry which has facilitated me the chance to come here to study and get more knowledge exchange. Finally yet important, i take this opportunity to express our deepest appreciation to our families, relatives, friends who encouraged and supported us unceasingly and all who directly or indirectly, have lent their helping hand in this venture. Thank you very much! Thai Nguyen September 30, 2015 Author Nguyen Trung Anh ii n TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES. 1 LIST OF TABLES.
2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The purpose of thesis. The significant of thesis. Definitions of land surface temperature.
The land cover types .2 Geographic information systems. GIS Application Areas. Basics of EMR/Atmospheric Affects Foundations of Remote Sensing. Applications of Remote Sensing Technology.
The research on land surface temperature in the world. The research on land surface temperature in Viet Nam. The objects of research. Location and research time.
Collecting and selecting data.2 Describes methods of calculation FAR, BCR, UHI intensity. The natural conditions and socioeconomic in study area .2 Probabilistic risk analyses. Process of determining land surface temperature, land cover and land use and their interaction. Results from determining land surface temperature, land cover and land use and their interaction.
Brightness temperature map. Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and Building coverage ratio. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION. 42 iv n LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.
Process of landsat data. Land cover mapping of the global. The land surface temperature process. Flow chart of land surface temperature.
The map of Taipei City. Map of location and geographic environment of Taipei City. Estimate of affected population under various rainfall intensities in Shilin District of Taipei City. Population growth of Taipei City and neighboring areas, and floor area increase of newly constructed houses (1945–2009).
Source: Taiwan City Statistical Year Book 2010 and Banciao City Household Registration Office, Taipei County. Data pre – Processing. Process of landsat data into indicators of land surface temperature (UHII) and land cover and land use (BCR and FAR). Brightness temperature map.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR). Building Coverage Ratio (BCR). Relationship between BCR and UHII. Relationship between FAR and UHII .38 1 n LIST OF TABLES Table 4.
Statistics on Land and Climate for Taipei City .32 2 n LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BCR Building Coverage Ratio FAR Floor Area Ratio GIS Geographic Information Systems LCCS Land Cover Classification System LST Land surface temperature RS Remote sensing TIR Thermal infrared UHI Urban Heat Island UHII Urban Heat Island Intensity TOA Top of Atmospheric TB Brightness temperature OLI Operational Land Imager NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index FVC Fracting of Vegetation LCLU Land Cover and Land use 3 n PART I. Background Land surface temperature is how hot the “surface” of the Earth would feel to the touch in a particular location. From a satellite’s point of view, the “surface” is whatever it sees when it looks through the atmosphere to the ground. It could be snow and ice, the grass on a lawn, the roof of a building, or the leaves in the canopy of a forest.
Thus, land surface temperature is not the same as the spatial uniformity of air temperature that is included in the daily weather report. It becomes more important to monitor land surface temperature because the warmth rising off Earth’s landscapes influences (and is influenced by) our world’s weather and climate patterns. Scientists want to understand how increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases affect land surface temperature, and how rising land surface temperatures affect glaciers, ice sheets, permafrost, and the vegetation in Earth’s ecosystems. Commercial farmers may also use land surface temperature maps like these to evaluate water requirements for their crops during the summer, when they are prone to heat stress.
Conversely, in winter, these maps can help citrus farmers to determine where and when orange groves could have been exposed to damaging frost. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of land surface processes from local through global scales. The importance of LST is being increasingly recognized and there is a strong interest in developing methodologies to measure LST from space. However, retrieving LST is still a challenging task since the LST retrieval problem is ill-posed.
This paper reviews the 4 n current status of selected remote sensing algorithms for estimating LST from thermal infrared (TIR) data. A brief theoretical background of the subject is presented along with a survey of the algorithms employed for obtaining LST from space-based TIR measurements. The discussion focuses on TIR data acquired from polar-orbiting satellites because of their widespread use, global applicability and higher spatial resolution compared to geostationary satellites. The theoretical framework and methodologies used to derive the LST from the data are reviewed followed by the methodologies for validating satellite-derived LST.
Directions for future research to improve the accuracy of satellite-derived LST are then suggested. Taipei City is located in a subtropical basin. Because of the unique landforms of the geological basin in this typhoon area, the typhoon-fed floods are enormous in these areas. In a recent study, Wang et al.
(2008) documented that a strong warming trend in the Taipei basin (two times higher than the world average) was observed in the period from 1897 to 2006, which accelerated after 1980. The UHI intensity of the Taipei basin reveals an increasing trend with a monthly average of 0.011°C during 1994– 2006, and during 2002–2006, the UHI anomalies show the most significant increases. However, the nocturnal and diurnal UHI phenomenon were not described in those previous studies, due to the lack of detailed record from an adequate network of observations in the city. So i want to do about:'' Utilizing Remote Sensing data for assessing the effect of land surface temperature changes on Urban Heat Island in Taipei City'' 5 n 1.2 The purpose of thesis - Use remote sensing data for mapping Urban Heat Island Intensity and its variation over time.
- Find out the natural conditions and situation of socio - economic in recent years of Taipei City. - To assess the change of land surface temperature with LCLU change accordingly.3 The significant of thesis. - Thesis will be the bridge between knowledge studying and practices, the access to reality to better understand the nature of the problem. - Through the thesis I knew how to do GIS software to mapping data and analyzing data and practice.
- Doing the thesis is the basis for the selection and application of GIS software for assessing the effect of land surface temperature changes on Urban Heat Island in Taipei City. The actual meaning: - The completed research will help people to understand the natural conditions, the development of economy and society in recent years of Taipei City. - Helped people gain knowledge about assessing the impact of land surface temperatures changed in Taipei City in particular, as well as other cities in Vietnam in general. Satellite data (images) Introduce Landsat image: Satellite- data based thermal infrared (TIR) data is directly linked to the LST through the radiative transfer equation.
The retrieval of the LST from remotely sensed TIR data has attracted much attention, and its history dates back to the 1970s (McMillin, 1975). To better understand the Earth system at the regional scale and to get the evapotranspiration with an accuracy better than 10%, LST must be retrieved at an accuracy of 1 K or better (Kustas and Norman, 1996; Moran and Jackson, 1991 ; Wan and Dozier, 1996). Five LANDSAT satellites have been successfully launched commencing with LANDSAT 1 in July 1972. All 5 satellites have operated from a repetitive, circular, sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit and on each day-s ide pass, scan a ground swath 185km wide beneath the satellite.
The first three satellites carried the Multispectral Scanner (MSS) as the main imaging instrument with a Return Beam Videocon (RBV) as a subsidiary. The paths of these satellites were inclined 99 degrees with an 18 day repeat cycle and an equatorial crossing of between 8:50 and 9:30am local time. The last two satellites (LANDSATs 4-5) had the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor as well as the MSS, are inclined 98 degrees, have a repeat cycle of 16 days and have an equatorial crossing of 9:45am local time. The nominal altitude of the satellites was 920km for LANDSATs 1-3 and 705km for LANDSATs 4-5.
The RBV system on LANDSAT 1-2 consisted of three cameras which took simultaneous images of the earth in different spectral bands. The area covered was similar to the MSS images. LANDSAT 6 was to represent a departure from the earlier 7 n satellites with an enhanced Thematic Mapper and no MSS. Unfortunately this satellite, launched in early 1993, and was lost on launch without any backup.
The next satellite in the LANDSAT series will be LANDSAT 7 and is likely to be a joint project between NASA, NOAA and the USGS. The prime instrument on board the satellite will be the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+). This instrument has a similar 7 bands multispectral capability as the LANDSATs 4-5 but with a 15 meter resolution panchromatic band (0.9 micrometers, visible green to near IR), which is co-registered with the multispectral data. The ETM+ will be capable of collecting 250 day-lit, land mass scenes per day and transmitting these scenes to ground stations via a 150Mbps X-band link.