THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES LE THUY DUONG A STUDY ON MNEMONIC TECHNIQUES TO HELP STUDENTS OF GRADE 6 INCREASE THEIR VOCABULARY RETENTION AT A SECONDARY SCHOOL (Nghiên cứu các kĩ thuật Mnemonics để giúp học sinh lớp 6 tăng cường khả năng ghi nhớ từ vựng tại một trường THCS) M.A THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com THAI NGUYEN – 2019 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES LE THUY DUONG A STUDY ON MNEMONIC TECHNIQUES TO HELP STUDENTS OF GRADE 6 INCREASE THEIR VOCABULARY RETENTION AT A SECONDARY SCHOOL (Nghiên cứu các kĩ thuật Mnemonics để giúp học sinh lớp 6 tăng cường khả năng ghi nhớ từ vựng tại một trường THCS) M.A THESIS (APPLICATION ORIENTATION) Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Dr. Bui Thi Huong Giang THAI NGUYEN – 2019 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION I hereby certify that the thesis entitled “A study on Mnemonic techniques to help students of grade 6 increase their vocabulary retention at a secondary school” is my own research and the substance of this research has not been submitted to any other universities or institutions. Submitted by: Le Thuy Duong Approved by Supervisor, Dr. Bui Thi Huong Giang Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not be completed without the help of many people, and I would like to show my heartfelt thanks to those for their great support, guidance, advice, and encouragement throughout the competition of this thesis.
In the first place, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved supervisor, Dr. Bui Thi Huong Giang for her valuable assistance, considerable encouragement as well as great inspiration while I was doing my research. I would like to express my gratitude to all my lecturers and staffs at School of Foreign Languages-Thai Nguyen University whose support and consideration have enabled me to pursue the course. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to teachers and all students of Phuc Triu Lower Secondary School for their cooperation and participation in the research.
Last but not least, I owe a big thank to my parents who have always encouraged me to complete this study. Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT This study was carried out with the aim to investigate the effects of Mnemonic techniques namely, using pictures, sematic mapping and making-up stories on the vocabulary retention of grade 6 students. The researcher conducted the study in 7 weeks with the participation of 40 students of grade 6. They have been learning English since grade 3, but many of them had difficulty in memorizing vocabulary.
The data of the study was gathered through qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative data was collected by analyzing result of students’ questionnaire and the class observation. Quantitative data was obtained from the students’ scores of pretest and posttest. After intervention with Mnemonic techniques, the result of the posttest was remarkably higher than that of the pretest.
This indicated that most of students improved their vocabulary retention. Besides, the questionnaire given after the posttest showed that a large number of students appreciated the effectiveness of using Mnemonic techniques and had positive attitude toward learning vocabulary. Finally, further some implications, limitations and suggestions for further studies were included in this study. Key words: Mnemonic techniques, vocabulary retention Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS MT: Mnemonic techniques Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. iv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aims of the study. Scope of the study.
The Significance of the study. Design of the thesis.3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Vocabulary and its importance in language learning. Vocabulary learning in English language acquisition .1 Aspects of knowing a word .2 Process of learning vocabulary .3 Vocabulary learning strategies.
Teaching vocabulary with Mnemonic techniques .1 Definitions of Mnemonics .2 Kinds of Mnemonics .3 The models of teaching vocabulary with Mnemonic techniques. Previous studies on teaching vocabulary with Mnemonic techniques. Methods of the study. Data collection instruments.
Pretest and posttest. 19 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail. Peer class observation. Data Collection Procedure.
Data analytical method .23 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSION. Findings from pretest and posttest. The students’ vocabulary retention before using Mnemonic techniques. Students’ vocabulary retention after using Mnemonic techniques.
The difference in students’ vocabulary retention before and after using Mnemonic techniques. Findings from questionnaire .1 Students’ perceptions toward vocabulary learning through the Mnemonic techniques used in the study. Students’ attitude toward using Mnemonic techniques in English lessons. Findings from class observation .34 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS .1 For English teachers.
Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further studies. XIV Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of the questions in students’ questionnaire .20 Table 2: The procedures of the study .22 Table 3: A model lesson plan with the use of MT in vocabulary teaching adapted from Marzano (2004) and Garside (2017) .23 Table 4: The overall descriptive data of the tests.26 Table 5: Students with lower scores and unchanged scores in the posttest .26 Table 6: The overall descriptive data of ability to give meaning of words .27 Table 7: The overall descriptive data of ability to remember collocations. Paired sample T-test .28 Table 9: Students’ perceptions toward vocabulary learning with MT .29 Table 10: Students’ opinion on Mnemonic techniques in English lessons .30 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: An example of a sematic mapping .1: Result of the Pretest .2: Result of the posttest.3: Result of question 11 .31 Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.
Rationale Today, being a means of international communication, English has exerted its dominance over the world. Many countries including Vietnam are attempting to improve English ability of their citizens. Vietnamese government has implemented policies to improve quality of teaching and learning English. According to this, English was introduced as the compulsory subject from primary school to high school.
Students are required to pass English exams in National high school graduation exam to win places in universities. Therefore, learning and teaching English is of great importance. Vocabulary is the core of learning English. Without it, students fail to communicate with people and express their own ideas.
It can be said that vocabulary is the foundation to build language skills. To emphasize the importance of vocabulary, Schmitt (2000) states that “lexical knowledge is central to communicative competence and to the acquisition of a second language”. In addition, Wilkins (1972) once said, “Without grammar, little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed”. Hence, learning vocabulary is of crucial importance to all language learners and teaching vocabulary should be placed in the center of attention in language classes.
One of problems in learning vocabulary is that learners are struggling against the decline of memory retention in time. Forgetting Curve by Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885) shows that learners forget about 90% of what they learned within the first month. After a few hours of studying a language, most of them forget 50% of the content. Besides, students are constantly bombarded with new knowledge in subjects in which they may or may not be interested.
As the result, most of students easily forget newly learned things, especially new words. All the reasons above makes teaching and learning English become more challenging than ever. To tackle the problems, teachers should provide students with vocabulary learning strategies in order for them to reduce pressures on their memory and remember vocabulary better. Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com One way to help students learn and recall vocabulary quickly is using Mnemonic techniques (memory strategies).
They are not new techniques deriving from the Greek word “Mnemonikos” which means “aiding memory”. Mnemonic techniques have been mentioned as vocabulary learning strategies by many researchers such as Schmitt(1997), Gu and Johnson(1996) At Phuc Triu Lower Secondary School, Thai Nguyen Province, a majority of students in grade 6 have difficulty in learning vocabulary. Most of them often complain that they have forgotten the vocabulary very quickly after English lessons. They cannot complete the reading and writing tasks where the meaning of words is necessary for comprehension.
In a word, this lack of adequate vocabulary knowledge is an obvious and serious obstacle for many students in learning English and improving their language skills. All the reasons above offered me an opportunity to carry out a study on Mnemonic techniques to help students of grade 6 increase their vocabulary retention at Phuc Triu Lower Secondary School. The study will be conducted to test the continuing applicability of these techniques in the certain context of Vietnamese rural areas where there are not enough facilities for the leaners to learn a foreign language. Aims of the study The study was carried out with the aim of investigating students’ improvement in vocabulary retention through using some Mnemonics techniques.
Secondly, the researcher explores students’ attitudes towards using Mnemonics as learning vocabulary strategies. Then, based on the findings, recommendations are made to improve the implementation of these techniques. Scope of the study The study was conducted in a class of 40 students in grade 6 at Phuc Triu Lower Secondary School in Thai Nguyen Province. There are various Mnemonic techniques; however, within limited time and the small scale of the 40 -student class, Số hóa bởi Trung tâm Học liệu và Công nghệ thông tin – ĐHTN http://lrc.vn download by : skknchat@gmail.com I have decided to focus on the effects of three techniques proposed by Thompson (1987) namely: using pictures, semantic mapping and making-up stories.
Using pretest, posttest, questionnaire and peer class observation in this study is expected to help the researcher see positive aspects and strengths of using Mnemonic techniques in vocabulary teaching - learning process. However, the result of this study may not be generalized to all Vietnamese students in rural areas 4. The Significance of the study The significance of this study was that via the results, the researcher could determine the effectiveness of using Mnemonic techniques on student’s vocabulary retention. Then, the findings of the research could be a useful reference for other teachers who have made efforts enhancing students’ vocabulary retention.
Finally, it would pave the way for further studies on vocabulary learning in the future. Design of the thesis. This study is composed of five following chapters: Chapter 1:“Introduction” presents the background, aims, research question, the significance, the scope and the design of the study. Chapter 2 “Literature review” conceptualizes the framework of the study through the discussion of issues and ideas on theories of teaching and learning vocabulary and the implementation of Mnemonic techniques Chapter 3 “Methodology” presents the context, the methodology used in this study including the context, the subject, the data collection instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis.