This page intentionally left blank Copyright © 2009, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2928-2 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.com Dedicated to The Lotus Feet of Sri Mysore Chamundeshwari This page intentionally left blank PREFACE There are many excellent text books on Banking written by well known British and American writers. However, none of these can claim to cover the entire course of study prescribed by the Indian Universities.
Moreover, most of these books are above the understanding of an average Indian student of Commerce and Economics. The present book is a humble effort in this direction. On account of the growing importance of the banking industry, most of the Indian Universities have introduced a special paper on Banking for their degree students. The present volume has been made to cover the syllabi of B.
In addition, I hope, it will also be of benefit to candidates appearing for various competitive examinations such as I. The present volume contains 19 chapters devoted mainly to the study of Commercial Banks, Central Bank, Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India, Money and Capital Markets, Indian Banking Systems, Banker and Customer Relationship, Operation of Bank Accounts, Collection and Payment of Cheques, Loans and Advances, Types of Securities, Modes of Creating Charge, Guarantee, Letter of Credit, Accounts and Audit of Banks. The last chapter contains multiple choice and short-type questions for the benefit of the candidates who want a deeper insight into Banking. While preparing this book, I have collected the relevant material from government publications, published and unpublished sources, books, journals and articles by eminent scholars.
My Principal, colleagues and friends have offered me valuable suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript. My sincere thanks are due to all of them. I have a great pleasure in expressing my profound gratitude to my revered Research Supervisor Dr., Department of Economics, Manasagangothri, Mysore, who has contributed a lot for improving the quality of this volume. He has always been a source of constant inspiration to me as a friend, philosopher and guide.
I also express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Gopal Singh, Co-ordinator, DOS in Economics, Govt. Arts College, Hassan, Dr. Ravindra, Channarayapattna, Prof.
Radhakrishna Hassan; Sudharshan, viii Preface Marketing Manager and Srinath, Branch Manager, New Age, Bangalore; Prof. Prabhakar, Principal, Government Arts College, Hassan and my friends for rendering assistance in various forms in preparing the manuscript of this book. I also express my grateful thanks to New Age International Publishers, New Delhi for bringing out this book in a record time. Thanks are also due to Madusudan, DATA LINK, Bangalore for typing the manuscript with efficiency and patience.
Last, but not the least, I acknowledge with a sense of gratitude the services of my wife, Smt. Sujatha Somashekar and my son, N. Swaroop, who not only left no stone unturned in providing me a congenial atmosphere for studies at home, but also relieved me from a number of family responsibilities and even more, at times, directly helped me in my work. Any suggestion for enhancing the value of the book from students and teachers, would be most welcome and would be kept in view at the time of bringing out the second edition.
With these words, I present this book to students, who alone will judge its worth. Somashekar CONTENTS Preface vii CHAPTER -1: COMMERCIAL BANKING 1-26 INTRODUCTION 1 Meaning 1 Definition of a Bank 1 TYPES OF BANKS 2 FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS 4 SOURCES OF BANK’S INCOME 9 INVESTMENT POLICY OF BANKS 10 BALANCE SHEET OF THE BANK 12 Liabilities 12 Assets 14 CREDIT CREATION 15 Basis of Credit Creation 15 Process of Credit Creation 16 Leaf and Cannon Criticism 18 Limitation on Credit Creation 18 UNIT BANKING VS BRANCH BANKING 20 A. Branch Banking System 22 COMMERCIAL BANKS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 24 Conclusion 26 CHAPTER-2: CENTRAL BANKING 27-45 INTRODUCTION 27 Meaning of Central Bank 27 Definition of Central Bank 27 Functions of the Central Bank 28 x Contents CREDIT CONTROL 31 Objectives of Credit Control 32 Methods of Credit Control 32 Meaning 33 Theory of Bank Rate 33 Working of Bank Rate 34 The Process of Bank Rate Influence 34 Bank Rate Under the Gold Standard 34 Conditions for the Success of the Bank Rate Policy 34 Limitations 35 Meaning 36 Theory of Open Market Operations 36 Objectives of Open Market Operations 37 Conditions for the Success of Open Market Operations 37 Popularity of Open Market Operations 38 A. Variable Cash Reserve Ratio 39 Meaning 39 B.
Theory of Variable Reserve Ratio 39 Working of Variable Reserve Ratio 40 Limitations 41 Selective or Qualitative Methods 41 Objectives 42 Measures of Selective Credit Control 42 Conclusion 45 CHAPTER-3: RESERVE BANK OF INDIA 47-75 INTRODUCTION 47 Capital 48 Organisation 48 Offices of the Bank 49 Departments of the Reserve Bank 50 Functions of the Reserve Bank 51 CREDIT CONTROL 58 Weapons of Credit Control 58 METHODS OF SELECTIVE CREDIT CONTROLS ADOPTED BY RESERVE BANK 61 Limitations of Selective Controls in India 63 MONETARY POLICY OF THE RESERVE BANK OF INDIA 64 Reserve Bank of India and Monetary Controls 64 Limitations of Monetary Policy 66 Chakravarthy Report on the Working of the Monetary System 67 The Narasimham Committee Report (1991) 68 Recommendations of the Committee 68 The Goiporia Committee Report (1991) 70 Recommendations of Goiporia Committee 70 The Narasimham Committee Report (1998) 71 Contents xi ROLE OF RBI IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 71 Contribution to Economic Development 72 Conclusion 75 CHAPTER-4: STATE BANK OF INDIA 77-81 INTRODUCTION 77 Capital 77 Management 77 Functions 78 Role of the State Bank in Economic Development 79 Conclusion 80 CHAPTER-5: MONEY MARKET AND CAPITAL MARKET 83-105 INTRODUCTION 83 Money Market 83 Functions of Money Market 83 Composition of the Money Market 84 Financial Institutions of the Money Market 85 Characteristics of a Developed Money Market 86 Usefulness of a Developed Money Market 87 Structure of the Money Market 88 Characteristics of Indian Money Market 89 Defects of Indian Money Market 89 Measures for Improvement of the Money Market 91 Suggestions to Remove Defects in the Indian Money Market 93 The Repo Market 95 The Commercial Bill Market 96 The Certificate of Deposit (CD) Market 97 The Commercial Paper Market 98 Money Market Mutual Funds 98 Capital Market 99 Classification of Indian Capital Market 99 Importance of Capital Market 100 Functions of Capital Market 100 Structure of Indian Capital Market 101 Components of Indian Capital Market 101 Recent Trends in the Capital Market 102 Comparison of Money Market and Capital Market 104 Conclusion 105 CHAPTER-6: STRUCTURE OF BANKING IN INDIA 107-137 INTRODUCTION 107 1. INDIGENOUS BANKS 107 Meaning 109 Groups 109 Types 109 xii Contents Functions of Indigenous Bankers 109 Defects of Indigenous Bankers 110 Indigenous Bankers and the Reserve Bank 111 Suggestions for Reform 111 2. MONEYLENDERS 112 Features of Moneylenders 112 Differences Between Moneylenders and Indigenous Bankers 112 Defects of Moneylenders 113 3. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS 113 Meaning 114 Structure of Co-operative Banks 114 Progress of PACS 115 Shortfalls PACS 116 Functions 116 Progress of CCBs 117 Defects of CCBs 117 Functions 118 Defects 118 Progress 118 Present Position of Co-operative Banks 118 Importance or Benefits of Co-operative Banks 119 Problems or Weaknesses of Co-operative Banks 119 Suggestions for the Improvement of the Co-operative Credit Structure 120 4.
LAND DEVELOPMENT BANK 121 Sources of Funds 122 The Working of the LDBs 122 Progress 122 Defects 122 Suggestions for Improvement 123 5. REGIONAL RURAL BANKS 123 Objectives of Regional Rural Banks 123 Capital Structure 124 Features of Regional Rural Banks 124 Functions of Regional Rural Banks 124 Progress Achieved by Regional Rural Banks 124 Problems 125 Suggestions for Reorganisation and Improvement 127 6. NABARD 128 Objectives 128 NABARD’s Financial Resources 128 Management 128 Functions of NABARD 129 Achievements of NABARD 130 7. COMMERCIAL BANKS 132 Nationalisation of Banks 132 Achievements of Nationalised Banks 132 Contents xiii 8.
CREDIT CARDS 136 Advantages of Credit Cards 136 Limitations or Drawbacks of Credit Cards 136 Conclusion 136 CHAPTER-7: DEVELOPMENT BANKS 139-158 INTRODUCTION 139 Meaning 139 Features 139 Important Development Banks in India 140 1. INDUSTRIAL FINANCE CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. 140 Functions of the IFCI 141 Financial Resources of IFCI 141 Lending Operations of IFCI 142 Appraisal of IFCI’s Performance 142 2. THE INDUSTRIAL CREDIT AND INVESTMENT CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.
143 Financial Resources of ICICI 143 Lending Operations of ICICI 143 Appraisal of ICICI’s Performance 144 3. STATE FINANCIAL CORPORATIONS 145 4. THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA 148 Financial Resources of IDBI 148 Cumulative Assistance by IDBI 148 Composition of Financial Assistance 149 Promotional Functions of the IDBI 150 Critical Appraisal 150 5. SMALL INDUSTRIES DEVELOPMENT BANK OF INDIA 151 Financial Resources of SIDBI 151 Financial Assistance by SIDBI 151 6.
THE INDUSTRIAL RECONSTRUCTION BANK OF INDIA (IRBI) 151 7. THE STATE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS (SIDCS) AND THE STATE 151 INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT CORPORATIONS (SIICS) 152 8. UNIT TRUST OF INDIA 153 Present Position 153 9. LIFE INSURANCE CORPORATION OF INDIA (LIC) 154 Present Position 155 10.
THE EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF INDIA (EXIM BANK) 156 Functions of the EXIM Bank 156 Present Position 156 Conclusion 157 CHAPTER-8: BANKER AND CUSTOMER 159-184 INTRODUCTION 159 Meaning and Definition of a Banker 159 xiv Contents Meaning and Definition of a Customer 161 Special Types of Customers 163 Legal Provisions Regarding Guardianship of a Minor 164 The Banker-Customer Relationship 171 A. General relationship, and B. Secondary relationship 172 Obligations of Bankers 179 1. Obligation to Honour the Customer’s Cheques 179 2.
Obligation to Maintain Secrecy of Customer’s Account 181 3. Obligation to Receive Cheques and Other Instruments for Collection 182 4.