Detailed Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1. Statistics Program SPSS 1.1 What Is SPSS? 1.2 The Purpose of SPSS 1.3 Structure of the Book 1.4 Fictitious Data Set 1.5 Using the Windows in SPSS 1.1 The Bars and Drop-Down Menus 1.3 Main Menu Bar 1.6 Using SPSS Windows 1.7 SPSS File Types Chapter 2.2 Open SPSS Files 2.3 Create and Modify Data Files 2.1 Define and Create Variables 2.2 Add Variable Labels 2.3 Add Value Labels 2.4 Define Missing Values 2.4 Load Excel Files 2.5 Save SPSS Files 2.1 Recode Into Same Variables 3.2 Recode Into Different Variables 3.3 Create New Variables 3.5 Graphs With Chart Builder 4.7 Export to Word Processing Programs 4.2 Associations in Contingency Tables 5.3 Binomial Test for a Proportion 5.4 One Sample t-Test 5.5 t-Test for Comparing Two Groups 5.6 Analysis of Variance 5.1 Simple Regression Analysis 5.2 Multivariate Regression Analysis 5.10 Assignments Epilogue About IBM SPSS Index Basic SPSS® Tutorial Basic SPSS® Tutorial Manfred te Grotenhuis Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands Anneke Matthijssen Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt.
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ISBN 978-1-4833-6941-9 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acquisitions Editor: Vicki Knight Editorial Assistant: Yvonne McDuffee Associate Digital Content Editor: Katie Bierach Production Editor: Kelly DeRosa Copy Editor: QuADS Prepress (P) Ltd. Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Wendy Jo Dymond Cover Designer: Scott Van Atta Marketing Manager: Nicole Elliott Detailed Contents Preface One of the most popular statistical programs of all times, IBM® SPSS® Statistics* (which originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), is a result of the project started in 1968 at Stanford University, California.
As a result of its immense popularity, it is not surprising to find many SPSS textbooks being published. Most of these books are voluminous because they combine SPSS with statistics. The need to teach introductory courses in statistics, with a basic knowledge of SPSS, at Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands, however, called for an abridged version of a textbook. To achieve this purpose, we refrained from explaining statistical theory almost completely and focused on the commands within the main menus of SPSS instead.
The Dutch manuscript was first introduced in 2002 and adapted based on the teaching experiences as we progressed. The end result was this textbook, which helps students understand SPSS, and more important, to work with it. After reading and working with SPSS’s commands, students are able to modify and analyze data with the most common SPSS tools available. Though all figures and instructions in this book are based on SPSS versions 20 to 22, the users of SPSS version 18 or 19 may not find much difficulty in using it either.
This book is targeted to the audience who are novice users in SPSS. We use clear-cut examples from real scientific research, while the reader is invited to replicate the findings as he proceeds. The relevant outcomes included may be used as a reference. Extra assignments are provided at the end of each chapter that can be worked out by the students themselves, without much external guidance, to enhance the effect of learning.
Manfred te Grotenhuis & Anneke Matthijssen Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands * SPSS is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. Acknowledgments In 2002, I was requested by the faculty of social sciences of Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands to reframe some statistical courses. The emphasis was shifted from theoretical knowledge toward practical applications, and this book is a result of that process. My thanks to Professor Scheepers, with whom I had discussions regarding simple methods to teach SPSS to social science students who wanted to apply statistics in their research but found it difficult.
The Dutch version of this handbook was published mainly to cater to the needs of such students. Our intention was to remove fear from the minds of students who wanted to learn statistics and instill confidence in them. In the Netherlands, over the years, the Dutch version has become a best seller. It is part of the syllabi in five universities and in many college schools.
The best compliment, however, came from a student of anthropology: “It is unbelievable that a subject as dull as statistics has been made so interesting!” Even after a decade this statement brings a smile on my face. I am also grateful to the University of Applied Sciences, Hengelo, the Netherlands for requesting me for an English edition in 2013, which paved the way for this international edition. Finally, I would like to thank Anita, Lotte, and Tommy for their love and concern. —Manfred te Grotenhuis As a student, even during my college days I got frustrated looking at the massive volumes of SPSS, which were not user friendly.
The students who are not familiar with statistics found application of SPSS often difficult. It was during my internship and thesis that I got the opportunity to work on a more practical method to make learning SPSS easy. My thanks to Professor Scheepers for his valuable inputs and suggestions (in the Dutch version) regarding easy application of SPSS for students, which have been included in this book. —Anneke Matthijssen We express our gratitude to Matthew “Iron Man” Bennett for correcting our initial manuscripts and for providing indispensable inputs regarding the usage of English.
We extend our special thanks to all the students from Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands, whom we had the privilege to teach and who in turn contributed to the improvement of our lecture materials over the past 12 years. We thank the authorities in IBM SPSS who allowed us to use the screenshots of their program. Last but not least, we are most grateful to copyeditor Krishna Pradeep Joghee and the staff at SAGE Publications, in particular Vicki Knight, who immediately saw merits in this project. The authors and SAGE Publications also acknowledge Robert Carter, University of Louisville; Patrick Kelly, Saint Louis University; Angela Pirlott, University of Wisconsin- Eau Claire; and Ayana Conway, Virginia State University, for their useful contributions to this text.
About the Authors Manfred te Grotenhuis is an assistant professor of quantitative data analysis and an affiliate of the Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS). His has published statistical articles in prestigious journals such as American Journal of Sociology, American Sociological Review, Demography, the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, and the International Journal of Epidemiology. He has been teaching statistics at the faculty of Social Sciences at Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands since 1995 and has written several introductory books on SPSS and statistics. He is a recipient of the biennial University Teaching Award of Radboud University.
He loves/hates to cycle a 20-mile time trial. He earned his PhD in sociology from Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Anneke Matthijssen started her career as a medical analyst. She was involved in teaching statistics even during her study and after graduating at the Radboud University as well.
Since 2008, she works as a policy advisor/institutional researcher at the strategy and development department of the Radboud University. In her position as policy advisor, she provides the board and faculties with management information on education and research. She is also the secretary of the Dutch association for institutional researchers, which comprises the policy advisors of all Dutch universities. Unlike Manfred, she loves cycling in the mountains of Italy.
She completed her MSc in educational sciences from Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Chapter 1 Statistics Program SPSS 1.1 What Is SPSS? SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a popular program to describe and analyze statistical data. The drop-down menus in SPSS makes it easier for users to carry out all statistical procedures. This tutorial will help you learn the basic features to load, modify, and analyze data.
Using examples from a school evaluation survey, we illustrate a number of common SPSS functions. Each example contains a detailed description of the menu-driven computer commands, and readers are invited to carry these out themselves to learn by doing. The results of all these commands are displayed in figures and tables. This enables students to work with SPSS program practically on their own, without any prior knowledge of the program.
This book focuses mainly on the SPSS program itself and not much on the statistical theory underlying the many procedures. For a comprehensive introduction to statistics, we would like you to refer to the textbook Discovering Statistics With SPSS by Andy Field.2 The Purpose of SPSS Statistics can be divided into two categories: (1) descriptive statistics and (2) inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics simply describes the data from a certain population, while inferential statistics is concerned with making predictions or statements about a population, based on data from a sample, which is a part of that population. As a program, SPSS is similar to a fast and sophisticated calculator with great capabilities, allowing us to run statistical procedures in the field of descriptive and inferential statistics.
A number of these procedures are covered in this book. In conducting scientific research, the application of statistical analysis software like SPSS is essential. In the research process, SPSS is used when the data need to be entered, processed, and analyzed. The key objective of this book is to enable users to 1.
enter and process research data with SPSS and 2. to carry out a number of common procedures within SPSS.3 Structure of the Book In this chapter, we first describe the program and the way it is structured. In Chapters 2 to 5, we describe how to load data into SPSS, modify the data, and apply commonly used descriptive and inferential statistics. Each of the chapters is divided into sections, which address a particular topic in the field.
In each section, we first describe an SPSS function, provide an example, and then show how to use the SPSS point-and-click commands in the drop-down menus. The description of all commands in this book is preceded by the symbol and placed in a “box” to separate them from the normal text, so that they can be easily located. For easy reference, all relevant results (“output”) are displayed immediately after the instructions and commands. To enhance the effects of learning by doing, each chapter also contains extra assignments where the reader is invited to modify and analyze data without much external guidance.4 Fictitious Data Set Working with real-life examples makes the task of mastering the common SPSS applications easier.
That is why for practice we use a data set, which is freely available on the web (study. The data set contains fictitious, yet realistic, data from students who have filled out a questionnaire (evaluation form) after having taken a statistics course.