Tai ngay!!! Ban co the xoa dong chu Classroom Manual for Automotive Suspension & Steering Systems Fifth Edition This page intentionally left blank Classroom Manual for Automotive Suspension & Steering Systems Don Knowles Fifth Edition Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Today’s Technician™: Suspension & Steering © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning Systems, 5th Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Don Knowles may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Vice President, Career and Professional graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Editorial: Dave Garza recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Executive Editor: David Boelio written permission of the publisher. Managing Editor: Larry Main Senior Product Manager: Matthew Thouin For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Editorial Assistant: Jillian Borden Professional Group Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Vice President, Career and Professional For permission to use material from this text or product, Marketing: Jennifer McAvey submit all requests online at cengage. Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Executive Marketing Manager: Deborah S.
Yarnell permissionrequest@cengage. Marketing Coordinator: Mark Pierro Production Director: Wendy Troeger Library of Congress Control Number: 2009904277 Production Manager: Mark Bernard Content Project Manager: Cheri Plasse ISBN-13: 978-1-4354-8115-2 ISBN-10: 1-4354-8115-1 Art Director: Benj Gleeksman Delmar 5 Maxwell Drive Clifton Park, NY 12065-2919 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil and Japan. Locate your local office at: international.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your lifelong learning solutions, visit delmar.com Visit our corporate website at cengage.
Notice to the Reader Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader will- ingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions.
The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no respon- sibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 X X 10 09 08 Contents Preface. viii Chapter 1 Suspension and Steering Systems .1 • Introduction 1 • Frames and Unitized Bodies 2 • Front Suspension Systems 4 • Rear Suspension Systems 5 • Tires, Wheels, and Hubs 7 • Shock Absorbers and Struts 9 • Computer-Controlled Suspension Systems and Shock Absorbers 11 • Steering Systems 13 • Wheel Alignment 20 • Summary 25 • Terms to Know 25 • Review Questions 25 • Multiple Choice 26 Chapter 2 Basic Theories.28 • Introduction 28 • Newton’s Laws of Motion 28 • Work and Force 29 • Energy 29 • Energy Conversion 30 • Inertia 30 • Momentum 30 • Friction 31 • Mass, Weight, and Volume 31 • Torque 31 • Power 32 • Principles Involving Tires and Wheels in Motion 32 • Principles Involving the Balance of Wheels in Motion 34 • Principles Involving Liquids and Gases 36 • Atmospheric Pressure 39 • Vacuum 40 • Venturi Principle 42 • Summary 42 • Terms to Know 42 • Review Questions 43 • Multiple Choice 43 Chapter 3 Wheel Bearings .45 • Introduction 45 • Bearing Loads 46 • Ball Bearings 46 • Roller Bearings 48 • Seals 50 • Wheel Bearings 51 • Rear-Axle Bearings 55 • Bearing Lubrication 56 • Summary 57 • Terms to Know 57 • Review Questions 57 • Multiple Choice 58 Chapter 4 Tires and Wheels.60 • Introduction 60 • Tire Design 61 • Tire Ply and Belt Design 63 • Tire Tread Design 64 • Tire Manufacturing Defects 64 • Tire Ratings and Sidewall Information 65 • Specialty Tires 68 • Replacement Tires 69 • Tire Valves 70 • Tire Chains 72 • Compact Spare Tires 72 • Run-Flat Tires 73 • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems 75 • Tire Contact Area 79 • Tire Placard and Inflation Pressure 80 • Tire Motion Forces 81 • Wheel Rims 82 • Static Wheel Balance Theory 84 • Dynamic Wheel Balance Theory 86 • Noise, Vibration, Harshness 87 • Terms to Know 91 • Summary 91 • Review Questions 92 • Multiple Choice 93 Chapter 5 Shock Absorbers and Struts .95 • Introduction 95 • Shock Absorber Design 95 • Shock Absorber Operation 96 • Gas-Filled Shock Absorbers and Struts 98 • Heavy-Duty Shock Absorber Design 99 • Shock Absorber Ratios 100 • Strut Design, Front Suspension 100 • Shock Absorber and Strut Design, Rear Suspension 101 • Travel-Sensitive Strut 103 • Adjustable Struts 103 • Load-Leveling Shock Absorbers 104 • Electronically Controlled Shock Absorbers and Struts 105 • Summary 107 • Terms to Know 107 • Review Questions 107 • Multiple Choice 108 Chapter 6 Front Suspension Systems .110 • Introduction 110 • Suspension System Components 111 • Short-and-Long Arm Front Suspension Systems 120 • MacPherson Strut Front Suspension System Design 125 • Modified MacPherson Strut Suspension 130 • High-Performance Front Suspension Systems 130 • Torsion Bar Suspension 134 • Curb Riding Height 138 • Front Spring Sag, Curb Riding Height, and Caster Angle 138 • Spring Sag, Curb Riding Height, and Camber Angle 140 • Summary 141 • Terms to Know 141 • Review Questions 141 • Multiple Choice 142 v Contents Chapter 7 Rear Suspension Systems .144 • Introduction 144 • Live-Axle Rear Suspension Systems 144 • Semi-Independent Rear Suspension Systems 150 • Independent Rear Suspension Systems 151 • Curb Riding Height 162 • Spring Sag, Curb Riding Height, and Caster Angle 163 • Summary 163 • Terms to Know 163 • Review Questions 164 • Multiple Choice 164 Chapter 8 Computer-Controlled Suspension Systems .166 • Introduction 167 • Programmed Ride Control System 167 • Electronic Air Suspension System Components 171 • Electronic Air Suspension System Operation 181 • Air Suspension System Design Variations 183 • Vehicle Dynamic Suspension System 184 • Electronic Suspension Control (ESC) System 185 • Integrated Electronic Systems and Networks 193 • Vehicle Stability Control 197 • Active Roll Control Systems 203 • Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Systems 205 • Lane Departure Warning (LDW) Systems 205 • Collision Mitigation Systems 206 • Telematics 206 • Summary 208 • Terms to Know 208 • Review Questions 209 • Multiple Choice 210 Chapter 9 Steering Columns and Steering Linkage Mechanisms.
212 • Introduction 212 • Conventional Nontilt Steering Column 214 • Tilt Steering Column 217 • Electronic Tilt/Telescoping Steering Column 219 • Active Steering Column 220 • Driver Protection Module 221 • Steering Linkage Mechanisms 222 • Steering Damper 229 • Summary 230 • Terms to Know 230 • Review Questions 230 • Multiple Choice 231 Chapter 10 Power Steering Pumps .233 • Introduction 233 • Power Steering Pump Drive Belts 234 • Types of Power-Assisted Steering Systems 235 • Power Steering Pump Design 238 • Power Steering Pump Operation 240 • Hybrid Vehicles and Power Steering Systems 241 • Hybrid Powertrain Components 242 • Various Types of HEVs 248 • Fuel Cell Vehicles 249 • Summary 250 • Terms to Know 250 • Review Questions 251 • Multiple Choice 252 Chapter 11 Recirculating Ball Steering Gears.253 • Introduction 253 • Manual Recirculating Ball Steering Gears 254 • Power Recirculating Ball Steering Gears 256 • Summary 260 • Terms to Know 260 • Review Questions 260 • Multiple Choice 261 Chapter 12 Rack and Pinion Steering Gears .263 • Introduction 263 • Manual Rack and Pinion Steering Gear Main Components 264 • Steering Gear Ratio 265 • Manual Rack and Pinion Steering Gear Mounting 265 • Advantages and Disadvantages of Rack and Pinion Steering 265 • Power Rack and Pinion Steering Gears 266 • Types of Power Rack and Pinion Steering Gears 270 • Electronic Variable Orifice Steering 273 • Saginaw Electronic Variable Orifice Steering 275 • Rack-Drive Electronic Power Steering 277 • Electronic Power Steering System Operation 279 • Column-Drive Electronic Power Steering 287 • Column-Drive Electronic Power Steering Operation 289 • Pinion-Drive Electronic Power Steering 289 • Active Steering Systems 290 • Active Steering System Components 292 • Active Steering Operation 294 • Power Steering System 294 • Steer-by-Wire Systems 296 • Summary 297 • Terms to Know 297 • Review Questions 298 • Multiple Choice 299 vi Contents Chapter 13 Four-Wheel Steering Systems.301 • Introduction 301 • Electronically Controlled Four-Wheel Steering 302 • Input Sensors 304 • Four-Wheel Steering System Operation 304 • Quadrasteer Four-Wheel Steering Systems 305 • Quadrasteer Four-Wheel Steering System Operation 312 • Rear Active Steering System 313 • Four-Wheel Active Steering (4WAS) 315 • Summary 318 • Terms to Know 318 • Review Questions 319 • Multiple Choice 320 Chapter 14 Frames and Frame Damage .321 • Introduction 321 • Types of Frames and Frame Construction 322 • Unitized Body Design 324 • Vehicle Directional Stability 325 • Vehicle Tracking 326 • Types of Frame Damage 327 • Summary 330 • Terms to Know 330 • Review Questions 331 • Multiple Choice 331 Chapter 15 Four Wheel Alignment, Part 1 .333 • Introduction 333 • Wheel Alignment Theory 334 • Importance of Four Wheel Alignment 334 • Rear Wheel Alignment and Vehicle Tracking Problems 335 • Types of Wheel Alignment 337 • Computer Alignment Systems 339 • Camber Fundamentals 345 • Driving Conditions Affecting Camber 346 • Caster Fundamentals 348 • Safety Factors and Caster 352 • Steering Terminology 352 • Summary 353 • Terms to Know 353 • Review Questions 354 • Multiple Choice 355 Chapter 16 Four Wheel Alignment, Part 2 .357 • Introduction 357 • Steering Axis Inclination (SAI) Definition 358 • SAI Purpose 359 • SAI and Safety Factors 359 • Scrub Radius 360 • Wheel Setback 361 • Toe Definition 362 • Toe Setting for Front-Wheel-Drive and Rear-Wheel-Drive Vehicles 362 • Toe Adjustment and Tire Wear 362 • Turning Radius 363 • Rear Wheel Alignment 365 • Summary 367 • Terms to Know 368 • Review Questions 368 • Multiple Choice 369 Glossary.389 vii Preface Thanks to the support the Today’s Technician series has received from those who teach automotive technology, Delmar Cengage Learning, the leader in automotive-related textbooks, is able to live up to its promise to regularly provide new editions of texts of this series. We have listened and responded to our critics and our fans and present this new updated and revised fifth edition. By revising this series on a regular basis, we can respond to changes in the industry, changes in technology, changes in the certification process, and to the ever-changing needs of those who teach automotive technology. We also listened to instructors who said something was missing or incomplete in the last edition.
We responded to those and the results are included in this fifth edition. The Today’s Technician series features textbooks that cover all mechanical and electrical systems of automobiles and light trucks. Principally, the individual titles correspond to the certification areas for 2009 in areas of National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) certification.
