M ANAGING BOARD OF S PECIAL P ROGRAMS BACHELOR THESIS MAJOR IN INTERNATIONAL LAW T HE L EGAL C ONSEQUENCES OF E XEMPTION U NDER CISG 1980 – I N C OMPARISON W ITH V IETNAMESE L AWS Student name : ĐẶNG VIỆT HƯNG Student code : 1055050112 Class : CLC K35 Supervisor : Ph. ĐỖ THỊ MAI HẠNH Ho Chi Minh City 2014 A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Ph. Đỗ Thị Mai Hạnh for the continuous support of my thesis study and research, for your motivation, enthusiasm, along with immense skills and knowledge. Your guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.
My sincere thanks also go to Center for Information and Library, Ho Chi Minh City University of Law and Institute of International Commercial Law, Pace University website, from where I have obtained most of the materials and documents for the study, as well as offering me the facilities so that I could complete my thesis. A special thanks to Uông Thị Mỹ Châu (Cindy) for your support by proofreading the drafts of this thesis and giving me a lot recommendations for improvement. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family: my parents and sister, and all of my friends, for supported me spiritually and encouraged me to strive towards my goal. COMMITMENT I, Đặng Việt Hưng, hereby declare that this thesis “The Legal Consequences of Exemption under CISG 1980 – in Comparison with Vietnamese Laws” is wholly my own work, unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged, under the supervision of Ph.
Đỗ Thị Mai Hạnh. I shall be at full responsibility for my commitment. Đặng Việt Hưng 21 July 2014 T ABLE OF C ONTENTS I NTRODUCTION. 1 Rationale of The Research .2 Objectives of This Thesis .5 Scope of This Thesis .6 Outline of This Thesis.
OVERVIEW ON THE INSTITUTION OF EXEMPTION. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods and Vietnamese Commercial Law of Viet Nam. Scope of application. Reasons to study about CISG.
Overview on the Breach of Contract. Liability and Remedies for breach of contract. Suspension of performance. Avoidance, cancellation and stoppage of performance of contract.
Significance of Exemption from Liability for Breaches of Contract. CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXEMPTION UNDER CISG AND VIETNAMESE LAWS. Scope of Exemption. The Occurrence of Impediment or Event of Force Majeure.
Conditions for Exemption. Burden of Proof. Duration of exemption and continuation of the remaining obligation. The Failure to Perform Is Caused by The Fault or The Act or The Omission of The Aggrieved Party.
Conditions for Exemption. Agreement on Exemption. Conditions for Exemption. Suggestions for Improvement of Vietnamese Laws on Exemption.
Characteristics of Force Majeure, Examination of the Elements of Unforeseeability and Inability to Avoid or Overcome Need to Be Supplemented. The System of Remedies Available in Case of Exemption Needs to Be Reformed. 68 I NTRODUCTION RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH Commercial transactions play a very important part in the modern society, especially the international transactions in a world where globalization is flourishing. Commercial contracts are not only the form but also the tools for these transactions.
One of the most important principles of the laws on contract is pacta sunt servanda, stressing that contained clauses are law between the parties, and implying that non-fulfillment of respective obligations is a breach of the pact. The general principle of correct behavior in commercial praxis — and implies the bona fide — is a requirement for the efficacy of the whole system, so the eventual disorder is sometimes punished by the law of some systems even without any direct penalty incurred by any of the parties.1 The risks of changes in circumstances, to the extent that one party cannot perform its contractual obligation, in commercial transaction are unavoidable, particularly in international transactions. That is because there are many external or even internal elements that could hamper the performance of obligation and out of the control of the parties. Upon the occurrence of such impediment, one party may become unable or extremely difficult to properly perform the contractual obligations.
It would be unfair and discouraging to such party if it is held liable for damages in the usual manner. Therefore, the party failed to perform its obligation due to an impediment should be discharged from liabilities for such nonperformance to maintain the balance between the parties. CISG regulation on exemption is the solution for this problem. CISG, one of the most renowned and widely applied legal instruments in an international scale governing contract for the sales of goods, has introduced the regulation on exemption in Section IV of Chapter 5 – Provisions Common to The Obligations of the Seller And of the Buyer, which consists of Articles 79 and 80.
Article 79 deals with one of the most delicate questions in contract law, the effects of the impossibility to perform one of the obligations of the contract. To what extent may the non-performing party be exempted, i., may he avoid the remedies 1 Princeton University, Definition of Pacta sunt servanda, https://www.edu/~achaney/tmve/ wiki100k/docs/Pacta_sunt_servanda.html, last visited on 16 May 2014. 1 available to the other party?2 Article 80 nonetheless deals with the second case of exemption, which is due to the promisee’s act or omission.3 The Vietnamese laws on contracts have just emerged for almost 30 years, after the Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of Viet Nam in 1986 and the introduction of Doi Moi policies. Specifically, the National Assembly has passed Civil Code 1995 and then Civil Code 2005 No.
33/2005/QH11, which set out the general principle for civil transactions and contracts; Ordinance on Economic Contract 1989, then Vietnamese Commercial Law 1997 No. 58/L-CTN and eventually the prevailing Vietnamese Commercial Law 2005 No. 36/2005/QH11 as well as other relevant laws, decrees, circulars and regulations. In the course of development, Viet Nam has referenced a lot of institutions and regulations from other countries’ laws as well as from international conventions.
This research is meant to give a comprehensive view, through the detailed analysis of the texts and examples, of the institution of exemption from contractual liability and particularly its legal consequences under CISG 1980 and in comparison with Vietnamese laws. With the desire to contribute to the improvement of the laws, the author would like to propose certain suggestions. LITERATURE REVIEW There have been a number of academic writings regarding this subject from foreign and Vietnamese professionals. On the view that this thesis is a research in the field of comparative law, the author acknowledges the necessity to look in both the works and writings on exemption under CISG and under Vietnamese laws.
A survey of papers on this subject published on Vietnamese and foreign legal journals have been carried out by the author of this thesis. The ones that are accessible by the author can be allocated into three groups. The first group is the writings, papers and research, by foreign authors, which deliver analysis and comments on the regulations of CISG. This group insists of: Dennis Tallon, Article 79 and 80, in “Bianca-Bonell Commentary on the International Sales Law”, Giuffrè: Milan (1987) 572-600; Joseph Lookofsky, Article 79 Liability Exemptions for Failure to Perform, excerpt 2 Tallon, “Bianca-Bonell Commentary on the International Sales Law” (1987), 574.
2 from International Encyclopaedia of Laws - Contracts, Suppl. Honnold, Article 79 Impediments Excusing Party From Damages (“Force Majeure”) and Article 80 Failure of Performance Caused by Other Party, excerpt from Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention, 3rd ed. Perspectives from CISG, UNIDROIT Principles, PECL and Case Law; Barry Nicholas, Impracticability and Impossibility in the U. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, in International Sales: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Matthew Bender (1984), Ch.
5, pages 5-1 to 5-24; Peter Schlechtriem, Items H. Failure of Performance Caused by the Other Party (Article 80), excerpt from Uniform Sales Law – The UN-Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Manz, Vienna (1986), 100-105. These are very detailed and enormous works in analyzing and evaluating the rule on exemption of CISG. Some of them even provide the origin of the solutions in the convention by the way of comparing them to principles of national laws.
Above all, the Secretariat Commentary on the 1978 Draft is rather the most authoritative source. Other writings represent the different ideas of the authors on a certain number of elements of this institution, such as the scope of application, the qualification of characteristics of impediment and the consequences of exemption. Furthermore, these papers also put the rule in the context by giving a lot of examples and practical cases. Despite being unanimous in many aspects of the rule, the authors of the aforesaid writings have different opinions on certain confusing points within the text of CISG.
For instance, whether the breach of seller’s obligation to deliver conforming goods constitutes exemption effect; whether the changes in circumstances that create excessive financial or economic difficulties satisfy the ‘out-of-control’ element set out in CISG Article 79 and whether a general supplier of goods, particularly fungible goods, falls inside the notion of ‘third person’ under Article 79 (2) of CISG are several issues on which the scholars have different opinions. The second group comprises of writings, papers and research on Vietnamese laws which govern the same subject. In Ho Chi Minh City University of Law, there are some theses in bachelor degree which focus or relate to Vietnamese regulations on exemption, such as: 3 Nguyen Thi Le (2012), “The relations between commercial remedies in Vietnamese Commercial Law 2005” and Nguyen Thi Thanh Nu (2013), “Damages remedy in Vietnamese Commercial Law 2005.” These theses’ focus is the commercial remedies provided by Vietnamese Commercial Law 2005 of Viet Nam. Hence, the regulations and analysis of exemption are only briefly presented, that is, they only furnish short explanations of the four grounds for exemption under Article 294 of Vietnamese Commercial Law.
Nguyen Do Son Tra (2012), Legal aspects of exemption and limitation of liability for traders trading in Logistics. This research focuses on the exemption in the logistics activities. The conditions for exemption, therefore, are represented in two groups, depending to the scope of exemption. The first group is exemptions of liability for the act of breaching.
However, the examples given are specifically related to the logistics activities and extracted from Maritime Code 2005, Postal Law 2010, Civil Aviation Law 2006, Railway Law 2005, etc. The second group is exemptions of liability for the loss of goods, in which the author of this thesis provided analysis of the statutory conditions for exemption stipulated in Vietnamese Commercial Law. Nguyen Thi Ngan (2013), Exemption in commercial activities. This is one of the most comprehensive works on the institution of exemption under Viet Nam’s Vietnamese Commercial Law 2005.
Ngan presents about the basic exemption conditions stated in Article 294 and those for logistics and assessment services in Articles 237 and 266 of Vietnamese Commercial Law respectively. Moreover, the author also takes examples from the clauses of contracts and judgments of the courts or arbitral tribunals in order to draw attention to the defects of the prevailing laws as well as the inconsistency in the interpretation and application of the laws; and finally to make suggestions for the improvement of the same. The third group contains the research on the aforementioned matter with a comparative manner. Nguyen Thi Kim Phung (2010), Liability for breach of contract under CISG 1980 in comparison with Viet Nam’s Commercial law 2005.
Though exemption is an integral part of the institution of liability for breach of contract, the analysis on exemption in this research is not extensive and primarily focuses on the regulations of Vietnamese Commercial Law.