MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AN INTRODUCTION EIGHTH EDITION JWCL187_ifc_001-002.qxd 11/11/09 5:18 PM Page 1 Characteristics of Selected Elements Atomic Density of Crystal Atomic Ionic Most Melting Atomic Weight Solid, 20⬚C Structure, Radius Radius Common Point Element Symbol Number (amu) (g/cm3) 20⬚C (nm) (nm) Valence (⬚C) Aluminum Al 13 26.qxd 11/11/09 5:18 PM Page 3 Values of Selected Physical Constants Quantity Symbol SI Units cgs Units Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 ⫻ 1023 molecules/mol molecules/mol Boltzmann’s constant k 1.62 ⫻ 10⫺5 eV/atom # K Bohr magneton B 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺21 erg/gaussa Electron charge e 1.8 ⫻ 10⫺10 statcoulb Electron mass — 9.987 cal/mol # K Permeability of a vacuum 0 1.257 ⫻ 10⫺6 henry/m unitya Permittivity of a vacuum ⑀0 8.85 ⫻ 10⫺12 farad/m unityb Planck’s constant h 6.13 ⫻ 10⫺15 eV # s Velocity of light in a vacuum c 3 ⫻ 108 m/s 3 ⫻ 1010 cm/s a In cgs-emu units. b In cgs-esu units. Unit Abbreviations A ⫽ ampere in. ⫽ inch N ⫽ newton Å ⫽ angstrom J ⫽ joule nm ⫽ nanometer Btu ⫽ British thermal unit K ⫽ degrees Kelvin P ⫽ poise C ⫽ Coulomb kg ⫽ kilogram Pa ⫽ Pascal °C ⫽ degrees Celsius lbf ⫽ pound force s ⫽ second cal ⫽ calorie (gram) lbm ⫽ pound mass T ⫽ temperature cm ⫽ centimeter m ⫽ meter m ⫽ micrometer eV ⫽ electron volt Mg ⫽ megagram (micron) °F ⫽ degrees Fahrenheit mm ⫽ millimeter W ⫽ watt ft ⫽ foot mol ⫽ mole psi ⫽ pounds per square g ⫽ gram MPa ⫽ megapascal inch SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes Factor by Which Multiplied Prefix Symbol 9 10 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 10⫺2 centia c 10⫺3 milli m 10⫺6 micro 10⫺9 nano n 10⫺12 pico p a Avoided when possible.
JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page iv JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 5:37 PM Page i This online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources WRÀWHYHU\OHDUQLQJVW\OH With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept Instructors personalize and manage mastery in a rich, their course more effectively with structured environment assessment, assignments, grade that’s available 24/7 tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience. » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S » www.com JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 10:29 PM Page ii ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all Student support from an Collaborate with your colleagues, of the resources you & your experienced student user find a mentor, attend virtual and live students need to get started Ask your local representative events, and view resources www.com/firstday for details! www.com Pre-loaded, ready-to-use Technical Support 24/7 Your WileyPLUS assignments and presentations FAQs, online chat, Account Manager www.com/college/quickstart and phone support Training and implementation support www.com/support www.com/accountmanager MAKE IT YOURS! JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page iii EIGHTH EDITION Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction William D. Department of Metallurgical Engineering The University of Utah David G. Rethwisch Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The University of Iowa John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page iv Front Cover: Depiction of a unit cell for the inverse spinel crystal structure. Red spheres represent O2⫺ oxygen ions; dark blue and light blue spheres denote Fe2⫹ and Fe3⫹ iron ions, respectively. (As dis- cussed in Chapter 20, some of the magnetic ceramic materials have this inverse spinel crystal structure.) Back Cover: The image on the right shows the ionic packing of a close-packed plane for the inverse spinel crystal structure. The relationship between this close-packed plane and the unit cell is represented by the image on the left; a section has been taken through the unit cell, which exposes this close-packed plane.
VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHER Donald Fowley ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Jennifer Welter EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT Alexandra Spicehandler PRODUCTION SERVICES MANAGER Dorothy Sinclair PRODUCTION EDITOR Janet Foxman EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER Christopher Ruel CREATIVE DIRECTOR Harry Nolan SENIOR DESIGNER Kevin Murphy PHOTO EDITOR Hilary Newman PHOTO RESEARCHER Teri Stratford ILLUSTRATION EDITOR Anna Melhorn MEDIA EDITOR Lauren Sapira PRODUCTION SERVICES Elm Street Publishing Services COVER ART Roy Wiemann and Bill Callister This book was set in Times Ten Roman 10/12 by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by World Color USA/Versailles. The cover was printed by World Color USA/Versailles. This book is printed on acid-free paper. q Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2003, 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Callister, William D., 1940- Materials science and engineering: an introduction / William D. Dewey Classification No. ISBN 978-0-470-41997-7 (Main Book) ISBN 978-0-470-55673-3 (Binder-Ready Version) Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page v Dedicated to our wives, Nancy and Ellen, whose love, patience, and understanding have helped make this volume possible JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page vi JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page vii Preface Iingn materials this Eighth Edition we have retained the objectives and approaches for teach- science and engineering that were presented in previous editions. The first, and primary, objective is to present the basic fundamentals on a level appro- priate for university/college students who have completed their freshmen calculus, chemistry, and physics courses.
In order to achieve this goal, we have endeavored to use terminology that is familiar to the student who is encountering the discipline of materials science and engineering for the first time, and also to define and ex- plain all unfamiliar terms. The second objective is to present the subject matter in a logical order, from the simple to the more complex. Each chapter builds on the content of previous ones. The third objective, or philosophy, that we strive to maintain throughout the text is that if a topic or concept is worth treating, then it is worth treating in suffi- cient detail and to the extent that students have the opportunity to fully understand it without having to consult other sources; also, in most cases, some practical rele- vance is provided.
Discussions are intended to be clear and concise and to begin at appropriate levels of understanding. The fourth objective is to include features in the book that will expedite the learning process. These learning aids include: • Numerous illustrations, now presented in full color, and photographs to help visualize what is being presented; • Learning objectives, to focus student attention on what they should be getting from each chapter; • “Why Study .” and “Materials of Importance” items that provide relevance to topic discussions; • “Concept Check” questions that test whether or not a student understands the subject matter on a conceptual level; • Key terms and descriptions of key equations highlighted in the margins for quick reference; • End-of-chapter questions and problems designed to progressively develop students’ understanding of concepts and facility with skills; • Answers to selected problems, so that students can check their work; • A glossary, list of symbols, and references to facilitate understanding the subject matter. The fifth objective is to enhance the teaching and learning process by using the newer technologies that are available to most instructors and students of engi- neering today.
• vii JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page viii viii • Preface FEATURES THAT ARE NEW TO THIS EDITION New/Revised Content Several important changes have been made with this Eighth Edition. One of the most significant is the incorporation of a number of new sections, as well as revisions/ amplifications of other sections. New sections/discussions are as follows: • Diffusion in semiconductors (Section 5. • Flash memory (in Section 18.
• “Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics” Materials of Importance piece in Chapter 22. Other revisions and additions include the following: • Expanded discussion on nanomaterials (Section 1. • A more comprehensive discussion on the construction of crystallographic directions in hexagonal unit cells—also of conversion from the three-index scheme to four-index (Section 3. • Expanded discussion on titanium alloys (Section 11.
• Revised and enlarged treatment of hardness and hardness testing of ceram- ics (Section 12. • Updated discussion on the process for making sheet glass (in Section 13. • Updates on magnetic storage (hard disk drives and magnetic tapes—Section 20. • Minor updates and revisions in Chapter 22 (“Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering”), especially on recycling.
• Appendix C (“Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials”) has been updated. • End-of chapter summaries have been revised to reflect answers/responses to the extended lists of learning objectives, to better serve students as a study guide. • Summary table of important equations at the end of each chapter. • Summary list of symbols at the end of each chapter.
• New chapter-opener photos and layouts, focusing on applications of materials science to help engage students and motivate a desire to learn more about materials science. • Virtually all Homework problems requiring computations have been refreshed. Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Correlations One new feature that has been incorporated throughout this new edition is a track- ing of relationships among the processing, structure, properties, and performance components for four different materials: steel alloys, glass-ceramics, polymer fibers, and silicon semiconductors.This concept is outlined in Chapter 1 (Section 1.7), which includes the presentation of a “topic timeline.” This timeline notes those locations (by section) where discussions involving the processing, structure, properties, and performance of each of these four material types are found. These discussions are introduced in the “Why Study?” sections of appropriate chapters, and, in addition, end-of-chapter summaries with relational diagrams are also included.
Finally, for each of the four materials a processing/structure/properties/ JWCL187_fm_i-xxiv.qxd 11/17/09 1:11 PM Page ix Preface • ix performance summary appears at the end of that chapter in which the last item on the topic timeline appears. Discipline-Specific Modules A set of discipline-specific modules appear on the book’s web site (Student Com- panion Site). These modules treat materials science/engineering topics not covered in the print text that are relevant to specific engineering disciplines—mechanical and biomaterials. All Chapters Now In Print Five chapters of the previous edition were in electronic format only (i., not in print).
In this edition, all chapters are in print. Case Studies In prior editions, “Materials Selection and Design Considerations” consisted of a series of case studies that were included as Chapter 22. These case studies will now appear as a library of case studies on the book’s web site (Student Compan- ion Site) at www.com/college/callister.
