VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES PHẠM THỊ HẠNH USING SEMANTIC MAPPING TO TEACH ESP VOCABULARY TO FINAL-YEAR STUDENTS OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING AT HANOI TOURISM COLLEGE (Sử dụng sơ đồ ngữ nghĩa để dạy từ vựng tiếng Anh chuyên ngành cho sinh viên năm cuối, chuyên ngành tài chính và kế toán, trường Cao đẳng Du lịch Hà Nội) M.A MINOR THESIS Field: English Teaching Methodology Code: 60.10 HANOI – 2012 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Declaration. iii Table of contents. iv List of abbreviations .vii List of tables .vii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study.
Aims and objectives of the study. Scope of the study. Significance of the study. The method of the study.
Design of the study. 4 PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 What is vocabulary?. The role of vocabulary in second language learning. What is involved in teaching L2 vocabulary.
Challenges of L2 vocabulary learning. 8 iv TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. The nature of ESP vocabulary. Challenges of ESP vocabulary learning.
What should be taught in ESP vocabulary teaching. Characteristics of financial & accounting English vocabulary. The morphological characteristics. The semantic characteristics.
Semantic mapping as a vocabulary instruction strategy. Definitions of semantic mapping. Procedures to construct a semantic map. Previous studies of the impact of semantic mapping on students‟ vocabulary learning.
19 Benefits of semantic mapping. 19 Limitations of semantic mapping. 23 CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY 2. The context of the study.
26 v TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Data collection instruments. Procedures of data collection. 31 CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 3.
The effectiveness of semantic mapping on students‟ word retention. Students perceptions of the benefits of semantic mapping to their word retention. Summary of the study. Limitation of the study and suggestions for further study.
40 REFERENCES APPENDICES vi TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GE: General English ESP: English for specific purpose HTC: Hanoi Tourism College L2: The second language LIST OF TABLES 33 Table 3. Students‟ test scores in three progress tests Table 3.: Students‟ perceptions of the benefits of semantic mapping to 34 their ESP vocabulary learning vii TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study. In recent years, the demand for learning English for specific purpose (ESP) has been spread nationwide.
Due to the social needs, ESP is taught in almost universities, colleges and vocational schools. Most of English departments offer courses in ESP after General English (GE) during the basic years. Hanoi Tourism College (HTC) is a typical example of the training institutions that combines ESP within its current English teaching situation in response to the demand for specific language learning target. In Hanoi Tourism College, teachers are required to teach English to students from various fields such as Restaurant, Hotel, Travel agency, Tour guiding, Finance and accounting, and food production.
One of the concerns about the ESP program at the College is how to help students learn the ESP vocabulary better. This is really critical given the role of vocabulary in second language learning either for General Purposes or for Specific Purposes. Many scholars have considered vocabulary acquisition as being fundamental and crucial component to any foreign language learners.11) emphasizes the importance of vocabulary as “without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed”. For ESP, Robinson (1991), pointed out that for many people, vocabulary, particularly specialist vocabulary (or terminology), is the key element of ESP.
At HTC, despite teachers‟ efforts to try experimenting various vocabulary techniques, the result is far from satisfaction. Students still have serious 1 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com difficulties memorizing, recalling and using specialist vocabulary, i., vocabulary related to their field of finance and accounting. The desire to help students address these difficulties motivate me to carry out this study, which is aimed at exploring the possibility of using the semantic mapping strategy to teach ESP vocabulary. This teaching technique has not been used at HTC to the best of my knowledge.
Aims and Objectives of the Study The aim of the study is to explore the possibility of teaching ESP vocabulary through semantic mapping with reference to the students‟ attitudes to, and opinions of, this instructional strategy as well as their retention of ESP vocabulary. Because it is just a stepping stone to the extensive application of the semantic mapping strategy to teach ESP vocabulary, it is confined to two following objectives: - To investigate students‟ perceived benefits of learning ESP vocabulary through semantic mapping? - To examine the impact of employing semantic mapping on students‟ ESP vocabulary retention. Scope of the study Firstly, the study limits itself to the investigation of the students‟ perceptions of the usefulness of semantic mapping to their ESP vocabulary learning as well as their retention of ESP vocabulary as measured by the questionnaire responses and progress tests. Secondly, this study is similar to a small-scale action research project in the sense that its primary purpose is to help 2 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com the researcher to improve her teaching.
Therefore, the study was conducted with the final-year participant students of three year-training program who were real students in the researcher‟s class. Finally, the study used the the textbook named “English for finance and accounting” which was compiled by teachers from HTC and is in use at the college as instructional material. Research questions In order to achieve the aim and objectives of the study, the following research questions are formulated: 1. What are students’ perceived benefits of learning ESP vocabulary through semantic mapping? 2.
To what extent does semantic mapping help students learn ESP vocabulary better as measured by their retention of vocabulary ? 5. Significance of the study Although semantic mapping has been researched extensively in the context of second language vocabulary learning, little research has been done in ESP. Although this study focuses only on the students‟ perceived benefits of semantic mapping to their ESP vocabulary and the impact of this vocabulary technique on their ESP vocabulary retention, the findings of this study will shed more light on the possibility of using semantic mapping to teach ESP vocabulary. These findings can also lay the foundation for a more extensive study on the impact of this vocabulary strategy upon students‟ ESP vocabulary acquisition in the context where ESP is taught as a minor subject.
3 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. Methods of the study Since the purpose of the study is to test the impact of semantic mapping on students‟ ESP vocabulary aquisition, a quasi- experimental design is appropriate. The study is quasi-experimental in two ways. Firstly, no randomized sampling was used; instead an intact group of students were used in this study.
Second, the study design did not use the pretest-posttest design (Nunan, 1992). Instead, the impact of the treatment was measured through progress tests and a final test. In addition to these tests, a student questionnaire was also employed. In order to obtain information for the two research questions stated in Section 4 above, two main instruments of data collection were used: the student questionnaire and the progress tests.
Because the first research question is to find out students perceptions of the treatment, the student questionnaire was designed and administered to the students at the end of the treatment to obtain their responses to the treatment. Regarding to the second research question, two progress tests and a final test, which was administered at the end of the treatment, were used to measure the students‟ retention of the taught vocabulary under the influence of the treatment. Design of the study The thesis is composed of three parts. Part A – the Introduction – introduces the rationale, the aims and objectives, the scope, the research questions, the significance, the method, and the design of the study are presented.
4 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Part B - the Development – consists of three chapters, and is the backbone of the thesis. Chapter 1 provides the theoretical framework for the study. This framework provides the guidelines for conducting this research and for the discussion of the data. Chapter 2 provides the information about the context in which the study was conducted, the research participants, and the research procedures including experiment, the methods of data collection and data analysis.
The findings of the study are presented and discussed in Chapter 3. Part C: Conclusion -the major findings are summarised with reference to the research questions mentioned in section 4 of the Part A. Also in this Part are the acknowledgement of the limitations of the study, the implications for teaching ESP vocabulary using the semantic mapping and suggestions for further study. PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the literature on vocabulary teaching and learning, and the use of semantic mapping as a technique of teaching vocabulary will be reviewed.
The chapter starts with a definition of vocabulary and the importance of vocabulary in second or foreign language learning in general and in learning English for specific purposes (ESP) in particular. Then, a review of what is involved in teaching foreign language vocabulary as well as the challenges of learning vocabulary will be presented. This provides a background for the next sections which focus on the linguistic features distinctive of ESP vocabulary and what makes teaching and learning ESP vocabulary challenging. In addition to 5 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com these, some other basic issues related to ESP vocabulary teaching and learning are presented and discussed.
Finally, previous studies on using semantic mapping for teaching vocabulary are reviewed. What is vocabulary? Up to now there are different definitions of vocabulary. Each linguist gives his/her own definition of vocabulary depending on the different criteria that he/she considers the most important factors in terms of linguistics, semantics, lexicology, etc.1331) states that vocabulary is the total number of words which ( with rules of combining them) makes up a language. Similarly, Ur (1996) defines vocabulary as “the words we teach in the foreign language” (p.
She adds that a new item of vocabulary may be more than a single word: a compound of two or three words or multi-word lexical units or idioms. These multi-word lexical units are a challenge to foreign language learners because their meaning can not be deduced from an analysis of component words. Example of this vocabulary class are balance sheet, current account, write-off, financial records, etc. For the purpose of this study, vocabulary is understood as the total number of all the words that a language possesses.
It is not only simple words, but also complex and compound words, creating the meaningful units of language. The role of vocabulary in second language learning It is commonly accepted that vocabulary is one of the fundamental elements of a language. Pyles and Algeo (1970) states 6 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com When we first think about language, we think first about words. It is words that we arrange together to make sentences, conversations and discourses of all kinds.96) As words are the meaningful units of a language, vocabulary is of critical importance to L2 learners.
This is highlighted by McCarthy ( 1990), who argues, No matter how well the students learns grammar, no matter how successfully the sounds of L2 are mastered, without words to express a wider range of meanings, communication in an L2 just cannot happen in any meaningful way. 8) It can be inferred that if the primary goal of foreign language learning is communication, vocabulary should be given special attention. If the learner has a wide range of vocabulary with little grammar, he or she can not only make himself or herself understood but also understand the language easily.