VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES. ĐẶNG THỊ LOAN LEXICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH DOCUMENTS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY WITH IMPLICATIONS IN TEACHING ESP AT UTEHY (Những đặc điểm về mặt từ vựng và hình thái học của tài liệu Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Công Nghệ Thông Tin với sự ứng dụng trong giảng dạy Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành tại Trường ĐHSP Kỹ thuật Hưng Yên. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60. 15 Hanoi, 2010 z ha VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES.
ĐẶNG THỊ LOAN LEXICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH DOCUMENTS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY WITH IMPLICATIONS IN TEACHING ESP AT UTEHY (Những đặc điểm về mặt từ vựng và hình thái học của tài liệu Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Công Nghệ Thông Tin với sự ứng dụng trong giảng dạy Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành tại Trường ĐHSP Kỹ thuật Hưng Yên. MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60. 15 Supervisor: Trần Thị Thu Hiền, MA Hanoi, 2010 z iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
vii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES. viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aims of the study. Methods of the study.
Scope of the study. Organization of the study. 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. An overview of lexicon.
Words and lexemes. Word types, word tokens and word families. An overview of morphology. Basic terminology with definitions of morphology.
Inflection and derivation. Compounding and blending. 14 CHAPTER 3: LEXICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EIT TAUGHT AT UTEHY. Lexical characteristics of EIT taught at UTEHY.
Methods for lexical analysis. Tools for lexical analysis. Inter-rater reliability check. Classification of vocabulary of the corpus of ESP texts.
First 2,000 most frequent words in GSL. Academic word list. Technical vocabulary and low frequency vocabulary. Size of technical vocabulary in the ESP texts.
Importance of technical vocabulary in the ESP texts. Morphological characteristics of EIT taught at UTEHY. Typical inflectional suffixes in the corpora. Typical derivational affixes in the corpora.
Compounding, blending and abbreviation. Summary of the findings. Implications for teaching. Implications for learning.
Limitations and suggestions for further study. I z vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations AWL : Academic Word List EIT : English for Information Technology ESP : English for Specific Purposes GE : General English GSL : General Service List UTEHY : University of Technical Education, Hung Yen z viii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. A rating scale for finding technical words Table 2. Inter-rater reliability accuracy score calculated by the number of words assigned to four levels by the rater1 and by the researcher Table 3.
Inter-rater reliability accuracy score calculated by the number of words assigned to four levels by the rater 2 and by the researcher Table 3. Inter-rater reliability accuracy score calculated by the number of words assigned to four levels by the rater 2 and by the researcher Table 4. Coverage of texts by the various levels of vocabulary tokens and types by RANGE program Table 5. The most frequent words in word list 1 Table 6.
The most frequent words in word list 2 Table 7. The most frequent words in word list 3 Table 8. The most frequent words in word list 4 Table 9. Size and different levels of the vocabulary throughout the corpus of texts Table 10.
The frequency of four levels of vocabulary in the corpus Table 11. The most frequent derivational suffixes in the corpus z 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale No one denies the importance of English language in the present time as global language. It is clear that English language has become more dominant around the world.
English is a means of communication between people of different cultures. This makes English widespread. On the other hand, English is the language of science and technology and most universities and institutes in the world use it in the fields of education. In learning English, a good mastery of vocabulary is essential for learners.
Without vocabulary, it is so difficult to convey anything. Pyles and Algeo (1970) noted that ―when we first think about the language, we think about words. It is words that we arrange together to make sentences, conversations and discourse of all kinds‖. In fact, vocabulary size is important to link the four skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing all together.
Clearly, for learners with specific goals, knowledge of the technical terms associated with a particular field of the study will be necessary, and this type of vocabulary is an obvious focal point in any examination related to lexis of the scientific texts. Indeed, there may be a temptation to believe that a mastery of technical terms is all that is required for success in ESP reading, in Fraser (2005). As such, vocabulary learning and teaching is a central activity in the second language classroom. One of the potential vocabulary learning strategies is the use of morphological knowledge to learn vocabulary.
With morphological awareness, learners are able to learn complex words better by morphemes and morphemic boundaries. In the context of University of Technical Education, Hung Yen (UTEHY), general English (GE) and English for Specific Purpose (ESP) are compulsory subjects. Students of IT start learning EIT at the beginning of the second year. Both learners and teachers are coping with various difficulties in learning and teaching ESP, especially in technical vocabulary, including the lack of field knowledge with numerous terms, complicated structures and countless expressions, the insufficiency of teaching aids and reference material.
Meanwhile the teachers of ESP course need to have a thorough understanding of the nature and the role of different categories of words such as technical words, semi-technical words, z 2 academic words and how vocabularies should be taught. So far, there have not been any researches on EIT at UTEHY. For these reasons, the author decides to carry out the study on lexical and morphological characteristics of English documents on Information Technology with implications in teaching ESP at UTEHY. Hopefully, the thesis would bring concrete benefits to researchers, teachers, and students of IT.
Aims of the study The inter-related aims of this thesis are: 1. to find out the lexical and morphological features of IT English texts, and 2. to draw implications in teaching ESP at UTEHY. Research questions In order to find and analyse lexical and morphological characteristics of the texts of English on Information Technology, the thesis raises a question: 1.
What are the lexical and morphological characteristics of the texts of English on Information Technology? 1. Methods of the study The study presents a theoretical background based on a number of materials on lexicology and morphology. Next, to achieve the aims mentioned above, quantitative and qualitative methods appropriate to the corpus of linguistics are used with the support of some tools, which are RANGE program (Nation, 2005), Simple Concordance Program (Reed, 1997- 2008), and especially, Chung and Nation‘s (2003) four-point rating scale. All of them are presented in detail in chapter 3.
Scope of the study Limitations in the case of minor study mean that it is not feasible to carry out all of the levels of linguistic analysis. The study only analyzes ten texts of EIT to find out their lexical and morphological characteristics, because lexical and morphological features of ESP can be analyzed under the same method with the same group of analysis tools. However, the researcher focuses mainly on lexical features, and only general morphological characteristics of the corpus such as inflection and affixation. Organization of the study The thesis consists of four chapters, references and appendices Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter presents rationale, scope, and objectives of the study.
Research methods, research questions and organization of the thesis are also given clearly in this chapter. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter provides fundamental and theoretical concepts related to the purpose of the study. It deals with theories of lexicon and morphology. Chapter 3: Lexical and morphological characteristics of English documents on Information technology at UTEHY This chapter not only investigates lexical items but also presents morphological features of EIT documents used at UTEHY.
Main features of lexical and general morphological characteristics are also indicated in this chapter. Chapter 4: Conclusions This final chapter gives the overall answers for the research questions of the study, implications for teaching and learning of ESP, especially EIT, and some suggestions for further studies. z 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. An overview of lexicon The terms vocabulary, lexis and lexicon are synonymous.
They refer to the total stock of words in a language (Jackson & Amvela, 2002:11). In Richards et al (1992:212), lexicon is defined as ―a set of all the words and idiom of any language‖. The lexicon of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. More formally, it is a language's inventory of lexemes.
Words and lexemes When linguists study the lexicon, one of the things they study is what words are. In fact, this term appears to be a simple concept, but it is extremely difficult to have the best definition of the word, which can satisfy all linguists. There are different definitions of words from various authors.A (1986: 35), word is defined as ―the smallest element of a sentence which has the positional mobility‖ and ―they are typically the largest units which resist interruption by the insertion of new material between their constituent parts.‖ According to Jackson and Amvela (2002:49), words are listed in dictionaries, they are separated in writing by spaces and in speech by pauses. They consider the word as uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes and which typically occurs in the structure of phrases.
Four main characteristics of words are also presented in Biber et al. Firstly, words, phonologically, may be preceded and followed by a pause; orthographically there are spaces of punctuation marks; syntactically, they may be used alone as a single utterance; and finally, words, semantically, can obtain one or more meanings in a dictionary. The lexicon includes the lexemes used to actualize words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes.
In this sense, a lexicon organizes the mental vocabulary in a speaker's mind: First, it organizes the vocabulary of a language according to certain principles (for instance, all verbs of motion may be linked in a lexical z 5 network) and second, it contains a generative device producing (new) simple and complex words according to certain lexical rules. For example, the suffix '-able' can be added to transitive verbs only, so that we get 'read-able' but not 'cry-able'.A (1986: 76), characterized a lexeme as ―a family of lexical units‖. The term ―lexeme‖ was proposed by Lyons (1977:18-25) to avoid complexities associated with the vague word ―word‖. Let us consider these forms: go/ going/ went/ gone.
Four forms have four different meanings but they have a share lexical meaning and different grammatically meanings. In other words, they all share a core meaning although they are spelled and pronounced differently. We say that these four forms constitute one lexeme ―go‖. Biber et al.
(1999:54) defined lexeme as ―a group of word forms that share the same basic meaning and belong to the same the word class‖. A lexeme may be abstract, but it can be simplified by saying a lexeme allows different inflections to affix to it to make words. For example, go is a lexeme, meanwhile goes and going are inflected forms of go. The dictionary information on a lexeme as a dictionary entry generally includes its pronunciation, part of speech, inflected forms and various meanings, generally grouped according to its senses and sub-senses.
Word classification Word-classification has been dealt with in different ways by different linguists.