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—Manly Hall The concern for man and his destiny must always be the chief interest of all technical effort. Never forget it among your diagrams and equations. —Albert Einstein Cowardice asks the question, ‘Is it safe?’ Expediency asks the question, ‘Is it politic?’ Vanity asks the question, ‘Is it popular?’ But, conscience asks the question, ‘Is it right?’ And there comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular but one must take it because one’s conscience tells one that it is right. —Martin Luther King, Jr To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society.
—Theodore Roosevelt Politics which revolves around benefit is savagery. —Said Nursi The true test of civilization is, not the census, nor the size of the cities, nor the crops, but the kind of man that the country turns out. Emerson The measure of a man’s character is what he would do if he knew he never would be found out. Macaulay FIFTH EDITION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER YUNUS A.
ÇENGEL FUNDAMENTALS & APPLICATIONS University of Nevada, Reno AFSHIN J. GHAJAR Oklahoma State University, Stillwater HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER: FUNDAMENTALS & APPLICATIONS, FIFTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
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Composition: RPK Editorial Services, Inc.5/12 Times LT Std Roman Printer: R. Donnelley All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on File The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.com About the Authors Yunus A.
Çengel is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nevada, Reno. He received his B. in mechanical engineering from Istanbul Technical University and his M. in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University.
His areas of interest are renewable energy, energy efficiency, energy policies, heat transfer enhancement, and engineering education. He served as the director of the Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) at the University of Nevada, Reno, from 1996 to 2000. He has led teams of engi- neering students to numerous manufacturing facilities in Northern Nevada and California to perform industrial assessments, and has prepared energy conserva- tion, waste minimization, and productivity enhancement reports for them. He has also served as an advisor for various government organizations and corporations.
Çengel is also the author or coauthor of the widely adopted textbooks Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (8th ed., 2015), Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications (3rd ed., 2014), Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sci- ences (3rd ed., 2008), Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer (2nd ed., 2008), and Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists (1st ed., 2013), all published by McGraw-Hill. Some of his textbooks have been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Italian, Greek, and French. Çengel is the recipient of several outstanding teacher awards, and he has received the ASEE Meriam/Wiley Distinguished Author Award for excellence in authorship in 1992 and again in 2000. Çengel is a registered Professional Engi- neer in the State of Nevada, and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).
Ghajar is Regents Professor and John Brammer Professor in the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA and a Honorary Professor of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China. He received his B. all in Mechanical Engineering from Oklahoma State University. His expertise is in experimental heat transfer/ fluid mechanics and development of practical engineering correlations.
Ghajar has made significant contributions to the field of thermal sciences through his experimental, empirical, and numerical works in heat transfer and stratification in sensible heat storage systems, heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids, heat trans- fer in the transition region, and non-boiling heat transfer in two-phase flow. His current research is in two-phase flow heat transfer/pressure drop studies in pipes with different orientations, heat transfer/pressure drop in mini/micro tubes, and mixed convective heat transfer/pressure drop in the transition region (plain and enhanced tubes). Ghajar has been a Summer Research Fellow at Wright Patter- son AFB (Dayton, Ohio) and Dow Chemical Company (Freeport, Texas). He and his co-workers have published over 200 reviewed research papers.
He has deliv- ered numerous keynote and invited lectures at major technical conferences and institutions. He has received several outstanding teaching, research, advising, and service awards from College of Engineering at Oklahoma State University. His lat- est award is the 75th Anniversary Medal of the ASME Heat Transfer Division “in recognition of his service to the heat transfer community and contributions to the field ”. Ghajar is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Heat Transfer Series Editor for CRC Press/Taylor & Francis and Editor- in-Chief of Heat Transfer Engineering, an international journal aimed at practicing engineers and specialists in heat transfer published by Taylor and Francis.
Brief Contents chapter one INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 chapter two HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION 67 chapter three STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 142 chapter four TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 237 chapter five NUMERICAL METHODS IN HEAT CONDUCTION 307 chapter six FUNDAMENTALS OF CONVECTION 379 chapter seven EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 424 chapter eight INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION 473 chapter nine NATURAL CONVECTION 533 chapter ten BOILING AND CONDENSATION 598 chapter eleven HEAT EXCHANGERS 649 chapter twelve FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL RADIATION 715 chapter thirteen RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 767 chapter fourteen MASS TRANSFER 835 chapter fifteen (webchapter) COOLING OF ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT chapter sixteen (webchapter) HEATING AND COOLING OF BUILDINGS chapter seventeen (webchapter) REFRIGERATION AND FREEZING OF FOODS appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) 907 appendix 2 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) 935 vi Contents Preface xiii chapter two HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION 67 chapter one 2–1 Introduction 68 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1 Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer 69 Multidimensional Heat Transfer 70 1–1 Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2 Heat Generation 72 Application Areas of Heat Transfer 3 2–2 One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Historical Background 3 Equation 73 1–2 Engineering Heat Transfer 4 Heat Conduction Equation in a Large Plane Wall 73 Heat Conduction Equation in a Long Cylinder 75 Modeling in Engineering 5 Heat Conduction Equation in a Sphere 76 1–3 Heat and Other Forms of Energy 6 Combined One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation 77 Specific Heats of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7 2–3 General Heat Conduction Equation 79 Energy Transfer 9 Rectangular Coordinates 79 1–4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 11 Cylindrical Coordinates 81 Spherical Coordinates 81 Energy Balance for Closed Systems (Fixed Mass) 12 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems 12 2–4 Boundary and Initial Conditions 82 Surface Energy Balance 13 1 Specified Temperature Boundary Condition 84 1–5 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 17 2 Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition 84 Special Case: Insulated Boundary 85 1–6 Conduction 17 Another Special Case: Thermal Symmetry 85 Thermal Conductivity 19 3 Convection Boundary Condition 86 Thermal Diffusivity 22 4 Radiation Boundary Condition 88 5 Interface Boundary Conditions 89 1–7 Convection 25 6 Generalized Boundary Conditions 89 1–8 Radiation 27 2–5 Solution of Steady One-Dimensional 1–9 Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms 30 Heat Conduction Problems 91 1–10 Prevention Through Design 35 2–6 Heat Generation in a Solid 104 1–11 Problem-Solving Technique 38 2–7 Variable Thermal Conductivity, k(T) 112 Engineering Software Packages 40 Topic of Special Interest: Engineering Equation Solver (EES) 41 A Brief Review of Differential Equations 115 A Remark on Significant Digits 42 Classification of Differential Equations 117 Topic of Special Interest: Solutions of Differential Equations 118 Thermal Comfort 43 General Solution to Selected Differential Equations 119 Summary 50 Summary 121 References and Suggested Reading 51 References and Suggested Reading 122 Problems 51 Problems 122 vii viii CONTENTS chapter three Control of Microorganisms in Foods 276 Refrigeration and Freezing of Foods 278 STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 142 Beef Products 279 Poultry Products 283 3–1 Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls 143 Summary 287 References and Suggested Reading 289 Thermal Resistance Concept 144 Problems 289 Thermal Resistance Network 146 Multilayer Plane Walls 148 3–2 Thermal Contact Resistance 153 chapter five 3–3 Generalized Thermal Resistance NUMERICAL METHODS Networks 158 IN HEAT CONDUCTION 307 3–4 Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres 161 5–1 Why Numerical Methods?