CHAPTER 2: ESSENTIAL TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS. The chapter introduces some classical types of international commercial transactions, including: • Direct transactions • Purchase of international goods through intermediaries • Counter trade • Processing • International auction • International bidding • Trading at international fairs and exhibitions • Trading in Commodity Exchanges 2. International sales are transactions in which the buyer and the seller are from different nations. There are many types of international sales as follow: 2.
Export means to send goods or services across national frontiers for the purpose of selling and realizing foreign exchange and import of goods means Products of foreign origin brought into a country (National Assembly, 2005) According to Article 28, Law on Commerce of Vietnam , 2005 stipulates Export of goods means the bringing of goods out of the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam or into special zones in the Vietnamese territory, which are regarded as exclusive customs zones according to the provisions of law. On the basis of socio-economic conditions in each period and treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party, the Government shall specify the lists of goods banned from import and/or export, goods to be imported or exported under permits of competent state management agencies, and the procedures for granting permits 2. Import of goods means the bringing of goods into the territory of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam from foreign countries or special zones in the Vietnamese territory, which are regarded as exclusive customs zones according to the provisions of law (National Assembly, 2005).3 Temporary Import for re – export. According to article 29 Law on Commerce of Vietnam 2005 stipulates: Temporary import of goods for re-export means the bringing of goods into Vietnam from foreign countries or special zones locating in the Vietnamese territory, which are regarded as exclusive customs zones according to the provisions of law, with the completion of the procedures for importing such goods into Vietnam, then procedures for exporting the same goods out of Vietnam.4 Temporary Export for re- import.
According to article 29 Law on Commerce of Vietnam 2005 stipulates: Temporary export of goods for re-import means the bringing of goods overseas or into special zones in the Vietnamese territory which are regarded as exclusive customs zones according to the pro visions of law, with the completion of procedures for exporting such goods out of Vietnam, then procedures for importing the same goods back into Vietnam 2.5 Cross – Border Transshipment (Transfer of goods through border-gates) Transfer of goods through border-gates indicates the activity of the buying and selling of goods and services between businesses in neighboring countries, with the seller being in one country and the buyer in the other country, for example, a company in the United States selling to a company in Canada. Law on Commerce of Vietnam 2005- VN, Article refers Transfer of goods through border-gates means the purchase of goods from a country or territory for sale to another country or territory outside the Vietnamese territory without carrying out the procedures for importing such goods into Vietnam and the procedures for exporting such goods out of Vietnam. Transfer of goods through border-gates shall be conducted in the following forms: a/ Goods are transported directly from the exporting country to the importing country without going through Vietnamese border-gates; b/ Goods are transported from the exporting country to the importing country through Vietnamese border-gates without carrying out the procedures for importing them into Vietnam and the procedures for exporting them out of Vietnam; c/ Goods are transported from the exporting country to the importing country through Vietnamese border-gates and brought into bonded warehouses or areas for transshipment of goods at Vietnamese ports without carrying out the procedures for importing them into Vietnam and the procedures for exporting them out of Vietnam. The Government shall provide for in detail activities of transfer of goods through border-gate.
One type of trade included in types of international trade is intra-industry trade in which importers import goods that are similar to those produced in the country. Current regulations of Vietnam in ordinary international sales. Current regulations in international sales are regulated in Commercial Law 2005 of Socialist Republic of Vietnam and Decree on detailing implementation of the Law on Commerce of Vietnam No. Following are some main contents that need to be considered: Import and export licensing procedures Vietnam does not require a company to have an import/ export license in order to set up a trading company.
However, in order to be able to conduct import/ export business, a foreign investor must register with the Department of Planning and Investment. Additionally, foreign investors who wish to engage in import/ export activities in Vietnam are required to obtain an Investment certificate. Companies that wish to expand their current business operations in order to engage in import/ export activities must follow the procedures for adjusting their Investment certificates. According to Circular 34/2013/TT-BCT, there are certain goods that foreign invested enterprises may not export from or import into Vietnam.
Goods banned for export include petroleum oil. Goods banned from import into the country include cigars, tobacco, petroleum oils, newspapers and journals, and aircraft. Certain goods require the trading company to obtain import and export permits from the government, these include: Goods subject to export control in accordance with international treaties to which Vietnam is a contracting party. Goods exported within quotas set by foreign countries.
Goods subject to import control in accordance with international treaties to which Vietnam is a contracting party. Explosive pre-substances and industrial explosives. All imports and exports must comply with the relevant government regulations on quarantine, food safety, and quality standards, and must be inspected by the relevant government agencies before clearing customs. Import/ Export duties Most goods imported/ exported across the borders of Vietnam, or which pass between the domestic market and a non-tariff zone, are subject to import/ export duties.
Exceptions to this include goods in transit, goods exported abroad from a non-tariff zone, and goods passing from one non-tariff zone to another. Most goods and services being exported are exempt from tax. Export duties (ranging from zero percent to 45 percent and computed on free-on-board price) are only charged on a few items, mainly natural resources such as minerals, forest products, and scrap metal. 25 Consumer goods, especially luxury goods, are subject to high import duties, while machinery, equipment, materials and supplies needed for production, especially those items which are not produced domestically, enjoy lower rates of import duties, or even a zero percent tax rate.
Duty rates for imported goods include preferential rates, special preferential rates, and standard rates depending on the origin of the goods. Import/ export duties declaration is required upon registration of customs declarations with the customs offices. Export duties must be pain within 30 days of registration of customs declarations. For imported goods, import duties must be paid before receipt of consumer goods.
Depending on the trade conditions, Vietnam imposes a number of different types of duties on the import and export of goods. Companies wishing to find in-depth information on a range of goods would be well advised to visit the website of Vietnam Customs. Characteristics of ordinary international sales. Cross border participation: There are lots of parties involved in an international sales transaction such as exporter, importer, freight forwarder, shipping company, transporter, insurer … who may be from different countries.
Foreign currency: currency in the contract can be of the buyer, the seller, or a third party. Therefore, it will be foreign currency for at least one party. Different laws applied across borders: parties in the contract are from different countries so governing law is diversified and complicated. Law sources may be International trade treaties, National laws, and International trade practices.
Transfer of goods/services across borders: Commodities are often transported from this country to another or others. Basically, any flow of value across borders. Pros and cons of ordinary international sales. The pros: International growth There is a possibility exporting companies can achieve levels of growth not possible domestically in international markets.
Therefore, a company’s sustained revenues from a well-diversified portfolio of overseas customers are vital for a business to benefit. ROI Overseas trade works to increase financial performance and ultimately augment the returns on investment. There is then potential for businesses to amplify the commercial 26 lifespan of existing products and services, even if they had become less popular in domestic markets. Spreading business risk A company may protect itself from unprecedented global disasters and market upsets such as financial meltdown, earthquakes and civil unrest through overseas business.
The home market of a business could contract or even disappear during these unstable times, but the business may be saved by the revenue it generates overseas. Market competition If a business competes in several markets, then it may have the ability to thrive overseas. Companies can improve their competitiveness through the observation of a range of trends in quality, product development, design and packaging. Exchange rates As a business begins to trade overseas the reliance it has on its domestic market reduces and risks can be spread, especially in relation to exchange rates.
For example, if a business does most of its trade in US Dollars it may be beneficial for said business to trade with Japan to spread the exchange rate risk between the Dollar and the Yen, therefore creating benefit for the company. The cons: Exchange rate risk Because exchange rates fluctuate there is also risk business trading in foreign currencies may not be able to forecast finances accordingly. Currency fluctuations could affect either the value of existing assets or liabilities denominated in foreign currency. This could ultimately result in a business becoming less competitive overnight, resulting in a loss of sales and loss of revenue.
Political risk Investing in different countries whose political regimes can change over time also poses a few risks. Governments could discriminatorily change laws, regulations or contracts governing an investment. Interest in emerging markets has soared and host countries have learned more value can be extracted from foreign enterprises through regulatory control. Firms engaged in international business use a combination of legal contracts, insurance and trade in financial instruments to protect income streams.
These approaches, however, offer little protection against policy risk. Cultural risk In addition to policy, cultural differences could create problems for businesses wanting to trade overseas. Failure to take into account different cultures might lead to damaging and costly mistakes. This could range from causing offence by not observing 27 correct protocol, to inappropriate packaging and marketing.
It goes without saying that the marketing of a certain business in one western country might differ to that of a country that is still developing and has differing cultural habits and beliefs. Credit risk It is very easy to overlook the risk of non-payment when trading overseas too. Businesses should establish the credit rating of potential clients in many countries and guard against non-payment through, for instance, letter of credit or arrange credit insurance. The risk comes with the impact of a customer’s financial drawback of the firm and how to finance the offered credit period.
Purchase of international goods through intermediaries 2.1 Concepts Purchase of international goods through intermediaries is the mode of transaction in which two parties buy and sell through a third party to sign and perform the contract (National Assembly, 2005). The forms of selling goods through intermediation are usually expressed in the form of: Representation of traders, commercial brokerage, purchase and sale of goods by mandated dealers, and commercial agency (National Assembly, 2005) 2.2 Types of purchase of international goods through intermediaries * Representation of traders: Representation of traders means an activity whereby a trader (referred to as representative) is authorized by another trader (referred to as nominator) - Obligations of representatives Unless otherwise agreed, a representative shall have the following obligations: 1. To conduct commercial activities in the name and for the interest of the nominator; 2.