THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY KATLEEN CZINA V. CAPISTRANO IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON URBAN HEAT ISLAND INTENSITY OF MAKATI CITY, PHILIPPINES BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: International Programs Office Batch: 2014 - 2017 Thai Nguyen, 20/11/2017 c DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Bachelor of Environmental Science and Degree Program Management Student Name Katleen Czina V. Capistrano Student ID DTN1454290048 Impact of Urbanization on Urban Heat Island Thesis Title Intensity of Makati City, Philippines Tang-Huang Lin, Ph. Do Xuan Loan ( Thai Nguyen University) Signature Abstract: This study focuses on monitoring the urbanization and its effect on the Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) of Makati City, Philippines during a 10-year period from 2006 to 2016 in terms of remotely sensed data.
Two Landsat 5 TM (April, 2006 and May, 2010) and one Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (April, 2016) images during the period were utilized after geometrically corrected. In the data processing, Land Cover Changes (LCC) of year 2006, 2010 and 2016 were implemented in order to quantitate the changes within a decade period and address the location of urbanization. Moreover, Land Surface Temperature (LST) of 2006, 2010 and 2016 were also retrieved from thermal infrared bands of Landsat data for the investigation of UHII within study area. It was observed that UHII of Makati City boosted up 0.18oC with the increase in buildup areas during the last 10 years.
In addition, associated with the population growth rate from Philippine Statistics Authority, the results also indicated the effect of population growth was one of the indirect factors on UHII enhancement during the urbanization. On the other hand, the decrease in the areas of open land, water and vegetation was negatively proportional to UHII intensification. Therefore, the increase in population and buildup areas observed in this study were the major reasons why the UHII increases. However, this study only focuses on the effect of urbanization on UHII in terms of LCC and LST retrieved from satellite data.
For more accurate assessment in UHII, the validation of LST retrievals with in-situ measurements should be included which will be the further study of this topic. Thus the results could be expected to the references for urban development and related policy. Urbanization, Urban Heat Island, Land Cover Keywords: Change, Land Surface Temperature Number of Pages 61 Date of Submission November 20, 2017 ii c ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to Associate Prof. Tang-Huang Lin Ph.
of Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research (CSRSR) at National Central University (NCU) for the support, patience and guidance in spite of his busy schedule just to finish and achieve the goals of this study. Also, to Dr. Do Xuan Luan, for his support and instructions throughout writing my manuscript. With the help of the Advance Education Program of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), this research had been successful, thank you very much for everything! My best regards to this awesome yet supportive parents of mine (Mommy Tale and Daddy Chef Boy Negro) for investing not just money but also their time and sweat to support for my studies.
To Capistrano family, especially Kuya Babs, Neyney, Mommy Baby, Tito Fred and Ate Maida, thank you for the never ending support and help. To my Tita Rose and Ate IB, thank you for supporting and helping me before, on and after I went to Taiwan and to my kindest Lola Uyang, I know you are watching me from above. Lola, I have made it! I survived all the hardships. Thank you for being one of my inspirations! My Vietnam buddies, Mish, Kenneth, Anne, Ekang, Colleene and Carlo, thank you so much! Through good and bad times, you are all there.
Thank you for making me realize that I have a lot to improve in myself and on the things I believe in. I am so grateful that I have a clingy and supportive friend, Tina, thank you for everything! You da best! I could not even be more proud to have the iii c bestest sissy who is always there to push me through and giving me her best advices, my Sensei Kulot, thank you so much! I consider myself lucky to meet this fabulous Fish Family (Cher, Poch, Butch, Russel, Hanh, Alison and Cang Rong), thank you very much for helping me with my research and showing me what a real college student should do. I never expected that my time in Taiwan would be this amazing. To the prayer warriors of NCU International Fellowship, especially to Elizabeth Sitorus, who invested time and effort in helping me with this study, thank you is not enough.
I am beyond grateful for having people who were always ready to listen and willing to help in times of need. We are indeed a family of God. Lastly, I am giving all the glory to the Lord for His blessings and guidance, for making me feel I am loved and that I can do things. This journey will not be successful without Your presence Oh Lord! Thai Nguyen 2017, Student Katleen Czina V.
Capistrano iv c TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT .iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. v LIST OF FIGURES. vii LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .1 Background of the Study .3 Statement of the Problem .4 Objectives of the Study .5 Significance of the Study .6 Limitations of the Study.
7 2 PART II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .1 Urban Heat Island (UHI) .2 Mitigation studies on Urban Heat Island (UHI) .3 Land Cover Change and Urbanization.4 Related studies on Urban Heat Island (UHI) around the world.5 Studies on Urban Heat Island (UHI) in the Philippines. 19 3 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS .1 The objects and scope of the research .2 The content of research .4 Image Pre-Processing .5 Land Cover Change .1 Training Samples Selection .6 Land Surface Temperature Calculation .1 Brightness Temperature Calculation .7 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Intensity Calculation. 38 4 PART IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Results of Land Surface Temperature .3 Land Surface Temperature .2 Results of Land Cover Change .1 Land Cover Change (LCC) .3 Urban Heat Island (UHI) Intensity. 52 5 PART V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
58 vi c LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of Makati City divided into six clusters…………………….1 Effect of Urbanization on people, temperature and environment.2 Methods for Pre-processing of Remotely Sensed Data……………26 Figure 3.3 Layer Stacked images of 2006 (a), 2010 (b) and 2016 (c), respectively……………………………………………………………….4 Study Clip Area of Makati City for 2006, 2010 and 2016, Respectively……………………………………………………………28 Figure 3.5 Land Cover Change Detection……………………………….6 Flow Chart of Land Surface Temperature Calculation…………….7 Thermal Band images of Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS………………………………………………………………34 Figure 4.1 Brightness Temperature of (a) 2006, (b) 2010 and (c) 2016 band 10 and (d) band 11……………………………………………………….2 Emissivity Maps for (a) 2006, (b) 2010 and (c) 2016…………….3 NDVI maps for (a) 2006, (b) 2010 and (c) 2016……………….4 Green Vegetation Fractions of (a) 2006, (b) 2010 and (c) vii c 2016………………………………………………………………….5 Land Surface Temperature Maps of (a) 2006, (b) 2010 and (c) 2016……………………………………………………………….6 Land Cover Change Maps of (a) 2006, (b) 2010 and (c) 2016…………………………………………………………….7 Area of each land cover type of 2006, 2010 and 2016 expressed in percent…………………………………………………………………47 Figure 4.8 Change Detection of Makati City during the period from 2006 to 2016………………………………………………………………….9 UHII of Makati City in degree Celsius for the year 2006, 2010 and 2016………………………………………………………………….10 Area of each land cover type vs UHII of 2006, 2010 and 2016, (a) Build up vs UHII; (b) Open Land vs UHII; (c) Vegetation vs UHII; (d) Water vs UHII.11 Scatter Plots showing the relationship of each land cover type to UHII, (a) Build up vs UHII; (b) Open Land vs UHII; (c) Vegetation vs UHII; (d) Water vs UHII………………………………………………54 viii c LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 The images collected from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS………………………………………………………………25 Table 3.2 Landsat 5 TM band numbers with respective band names……….3 Same as table 3.2 but for Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS…………………….4 Thermal Constants of Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS………………………………………………………………34 Table 3.5 Rescaling Factors of Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS…………………………………………………………….1 Confusion Matrix for year 2006 form Accuracy Assessment…….2 Same as Table 4.1, but for year 2010………………………………49 Table 4.3 Same as Table 4.1, but for the year 2016………………………….4 Percent and Area of Land Cover Change during the period from 2006 to 2016……………………………………………………………….5 Population data of Makati City from 2000 to 2015……………….55 ix c LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission DN Digital Numbers EDSA Epifanio de los Santos Avenue EPA Environmental Protection Agency ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper ISA Impervious Surface Area LCC Land Cover Change LST Land Surface Temperature MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectoradiometer NCR National Capital Region NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NIR Near Infrared NMDI Normalized Multi-Band Drought Index OLI Operational Land Images RS Remote Sensing SUCI Surface Urban Cool Island SUHI Surface Urban Heat Island SWIR Shortwave Infrared TIRS Thermal Infrared Sensor TM Thematic Mapper UHI Urban Heat Island UHII Urban Heat Island Intensity x c PART I: INRTODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study UHI happens when the atmospheric and surface temperatures in the urban areas are higher than the surrounding rural areas due to urbanization (Voogt & Oke, 2003). In addition, the physical properties of buildings and the emission of heat from the anthropogenic activities can result to a higher temperature that can also cause the UHI. During night time, the temperature in UHIs remain high due to tall buildings, sidewalks and parking lots that block the heat from the ground to rise into the cold night sky, so the heat is trapped on the lower level. This rise in temperature is obvious especially during summer time.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a city with one million people or more, has the annual mean temperature of 1.4°F (1-3°C) warmer than the surrounding rural areas. With these developments, it is definitely a positive sign of growth for a city, but it can also negatively affect the natural environment. The topics related to Urban Heat Island (UHI) are widely spread in different parts of the world and caught the attention of the researchers over the past decades due to urban sprawling. As a result of expeditious urbanization, the population has a massive increase together with the buildup areas (Guo, Wang, Cheng & Shu, 2011).
University of Minnesota stated that by the need of accommodations for the continuous increase of the population, construction of 1 c new buildings for work space and houses for dwelling, buildup areas are continuously increasing and the portion of greenery areas in certain places are decreasing. As a result, the core of the city becomes warmer forming UHI. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, people are experiencing an unusual warm weather which is getting worse especially in urban areas like Metro Manila, also called the National Capital Region (NCR) and one of the most urbanized areas in the Philippines. Addition to that, the City of Makati, located in Metro Manila, is considered as the Central Business District of the country for its commercial areas are known in its role as the financial and business center of the Philippines.
The continuous population growth, economic development, with an increase in vehicular trips, cause a big problem in the city making it inconvenient for the people as the temperature in urban areas gets warmer from environmental changes (Makati City Portal). Urbanization is one of the major problems that the world is facing today. The increase in the world’s population recently has maximized the effects of the economic and agricultural activities. It is said that in 1800, there are only about two percent of the world’s population lived in urban areas.
With this, urban areas are known to be the unhealthiest areas or places for people to live.