THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY TRAN CONG PHONG DIRECT ESTIMATION OF CARBON STOCK FROM STANDING TREES AT CAMPUS FOREST INDERALAYA, SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY, SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : K44 - AEP (2012-2016) Thai Nguyen, 20/09/2016 n DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environment Science and Management Student Name Phong Tran Cong Student ID DTN1254140011 “Direct estimation of carbon stock from standing trees at Thesis Tittle campus forest Inderalaya, Sriwijaya University, South Sumatra, Indonesia” 1. Iskhaq Iskandar1 Supervisors 2. Duong Van Thao2 ABSTRACT A study of the CO2 stock in Sriwijaya University (Unsri), Inderalaya, South Sumatra, Indonesia was conducted by using direct measurement and supporting of Remote Sensing data to identify the plot location. Forest plays an important role in carbon sequestration the global carbon cycle as carbon sinks of the terrestrial ecosystem.
The carbon sequestered or stored in the tree and forest mostly referred to the biomass of tree and biomass. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identified five carbon pools of the terrestrial ecosystem involving biomass, namely the aboveground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, woody debris and soil organic matter. Among all the carbon pools, the aboveground biomass constitutes the major portion of the carbon pool. Estimating the amount of forest biomass is very crucial for monitoring and estimating the amount of carbon is lost or emitted during anthropogenic activities, natural disaster as forest fire and it will also give us an idea of the forest’s potential to sequester and store carbon in the forest ecosystem.
Estimations 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang, Indonesia 2 The Advanced Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam i n of forest carbon stocks are based upon the estimation of forest biomass. This estimation will perform by direct field measurement. In addition, with an area of approximately 712 hectares, Unsri campus is not larger area and accession. It will be accurate and precise when using field measurement.
The study has successfully presented the storing of carbon in different types of vegetation in Unsri Campus and also reflecting the reality of vegetation in there. Above-ground biomass; Carbon stock; Biomass estimation; Keywords Field measurements; Unsri; Carbon pool. Number of pages 41 Date of Submission 20/09/2016 Supervisor’s Signature ii n ACKNOWLEDGMENT Fortunately, I have a precious internships opportunity to learning and professional development in Department of Biology in Sriwijaya University (UNSRI), Inderalaya and PPLH office in Palembang. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to my supervisor Dr.
Iskhaq Iskandar of Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science in Unsri and Dr. Duong Van Thao of The Advanced Education Program, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), Vietnam, Who took time out to hear, guide, support and encourage me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my study to have successful results. Especially, their priceless advices are not a small contribution in orienting my career and future. Moreover, I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of my advisers Agus Dwi Saputra and Guntur Pragustiadi for giving necessary advices and guidance, helping me during the experiment and completing my thesis, let me come out to know so many new things in Indonesia.
Additionally, I would like to thank all staff of PPLH office and Indonesian friends who has supported me and having the best moments while I was conducting my research in Palembang, Indonesia. Last but not least, thanks to my parents and friends who always encourage and put me forward and offer support and love. Sincerely, Tran Cong Phong iii n TABLE OF CONTENT Error! Bookmark not defined. iv n LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1: Co-ordinate point of transects 19 Table 3.2: List of allometric equations used to estimate biomass of various 25 vegetations Table 4.1: Parameters of each forest types in the study site 28 1 n LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Approximative values of the carbon content (tonnes per hectare) 11 for various vegetation types Figure 2.2: The carbon cycle in nature 13 Figure 3.1: Map of study area 18 Figure 3.2: The transect locations in Unsri campus 19 Figure 3.3: Sample plots for measurement of biomass and carbon stocks 20 Figure 3.4: Diagram of measuring smaller tree diameter using d-tape (A) and 22 caliper (B) Figure 3.5: Guide for determining DBH for abnormal trees 22 Figure 3.6: Category deadwood considering the amount of carbon left 23 Figure 4.1 Carbon densities of six typical forests in UNSRI campus.
Vertical 30,31 bars are standard errors of the mean. 2 n DEFINITION OF TERMS Allometric equation – the forest-biomass inventory technique for dry biomass determination. It has been developed by establishing a relationship between the various physical parameters of the trees such as the diameter at breast height, height of the tree trunk, branch, total height of the tree, crown diameter, tree species. Biomass – the total amount of living organic matter in trees expressed as oven dry tons per unit area.
Forest plantation – a forest established by planting or seeding in the process of afforestation and reforestation consisting of introduce or indigenous species. Carbon stock – the absolute quantity of carbon held within a pool at a specified time. In the study carbon stock is use to imply the amount of carbon stored by different types of standing vegetation that represent the flora of Sriwijaya University campus. Carbon pool – a reservoir or a system which has the capacity to accumulate or release carbon.
Examples of carbon pools are forest biomass, wood products, soils and the atmosphere. The units are kg ha-1 or Mg ha-1. 3 n LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DBH Diameter at Breast Height IPCC Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change GIS Geographic Information System GHGs Green House Gases SOC Soil organic carbon Unsri Sriwijaya University tC Ton carbon tC/ha Ton carbon per hectare t/ha Tons per hectare 4 n PART 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Research rationale Global climate change in recent decades has occurred due to disruption of energy balance between the earth and the atmosphere as a result of increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).
Especially, CO2 is the most abundant atmospheric gas related to the global warming. CO2 is responsible for more than half of the radioactive forces associated with the greenhouse effect. Atmospheric CO2 concentration increased by only 20 ppm over the 8000 years prior to industrialisation; multi-decadal to centennial-scale variations were less than 10 ppm and likely due mostly to natural processes. However, since 1750, the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 ppm to approximately 379 ppm in 2005 (IPPC, 2007).
The rise in the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities. Deforestation is having a considerable impact on the ability of the terrestrial biosphere to emit or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation and degradation of forests lead to emission of carbon dioxide through the burning of forest biomass which is the most important carbon sinks of the terrestrial ecosystem. Indonesia is on track to become the world's third-largest greenhouse gas polluter this year, surpassing India, as raging forest and land fires pump out huge volumes of carbon dioxide and thick smoke.
About 75 per cent of Indonesia's emissions come from deforestation, peatland clearance and peat fires every year (Fogarty, 2015). 5 n With regard to the mitigation of climate change impacts, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere must be controlled by increasing the amount of CO2 uptake by plants as much as possible and suppress the release (emission) of CO2 into the atmosphere as low as possible. So maintaining the integrity of natural forests and planting trees is very important to reduce the amount of excess CO2 in the air (Hairiah & Rahayu, 2007). One of the efforts to mitigate climate change is reducing deforestation that damage to the forest where forest ecosystem plays a very important role in the global carbon cycle by sequestering a substantial amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Other efforts can be done by adding, strengthen or expand the system that serves as an absorbent and the natural carbon storage (sink) such as forests, so that greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere can be captured, absorbed and stored back into the trees. When trees are cut down, the carbons stored in them are released back and re-accumulate in the atmosphere (Hadad, 2010). Carbon put away in the earth through living creatures, dead natural matter or silt like fossils of plants and creatures. However, deforestation the release of carbon into the atmosphere also occurs as much as the level of forest destruction.
Sriwijaya University campus (Unsri) in Inderalaya has an area of roughly 712 hectares located 38 kilometers to the south of Palembang. This includes the lowland area consists of terrestrial and marsh area. This campus has been used for academic activities since 1993. With the diversity and abundance of flora, Unsri campus represents the largest land area in Indonesia and even in Southeast Asia.
The enormous distinction in the kind of vegetation and area sorts, Unsri grounds region is relied upon to have a well contrast inside the capacity of putting away carbon 6 n as marshes vegetation, peat, undergrowth backwoods, ranches and arboretum zone. Plot samplings were chosen in light of the above criteria keeping in mind the end goal to speak to each diverse vegetation or area. In addition, the aboveground biomass of the tree is principally the largest carbon pool as the standing trees. The quantity of trees and vast width was considered for making inspecting plots.
Research’s objectives This study expects to estimation the carbon stock in standing trees in Inderalaya, South Sumatra, Indonesia. On alternate hands, deciding the distinction measure of carbon was put away in different tree woods. Research questions This study is designed to address the following questions: How much carbon is stored in various standing tree forests in Unsri campus? 1. Limitations The study technique utilizing as a part of this exploration is non-dangerous field estimation.
This strategy includes a ton of work, time, and asset expending, strenuous. Moreover, it's difficult to perform, for example, making plots and estimation with the upsetting of living and dead verdure. Thusly, it may not decisively speak to the carbon sum is put away in the trees. 7 n PART 2: LITTERATURE REVIEW 2.
GHG Emissions Impact and Climate Change Mitigation IPCC’s Third Assessment Report stated ‘there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities’. It went on to point out that ‘human influences will continue to change atmospheric composition throughout the 21st century’ (IPCC, 2001c). The greenhouse gas making the largest contribution from human activities is carbon dioxide (CO2). It is released into the atmosphere by: the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas, and renewable fuels like biomass; and by certain industrial and resource extraction processes.
- Emissions of CO2 due to fossil fuel burning are virtually certain to be the dominant influence on the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration during the 21st century. - Global average temperatures and sea level are projected to rise under all (…) scenarios. Climate change could be addressed with mitigation and adaptation. Climate change mitigation generally involves reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs).
Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, e. The main purpose of the mitigation measures is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere so as not to disturb and harm the Earth's climate.