VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LE MINH HUONG GREEN SYNTHESIS OF CARBON-DOPED ZINC OXIDE USING GARCINIA MANGOSTANA PERICARP EXTRACT FOR PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND PHOTOPRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE APPLICATIONS Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8.01 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, July 2023 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph. Vo Nguyen Dai Viet, Ph. Tran Ngoc Quyen, Ph.
Nguyen Tuan Anh, Ph. This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology – VNU- HCM City on July 24, 2023 Master’s Thesis Committee: 1. Nguyen Truong Son, Ph. – Chairman of the thesis committee; 2.
Tran Ngoc Quyen, Ph. Nguyen Tuan Anh, Ph. Ly Tan Nhiem, Ph. Pham Trong Liem Chau, Ph.
Approval of the Chairman of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis being corrected (If any). CHAIRMAN OF HEAD OF FACULTY OF THESIS COMMITTEE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (Signature with full name) (Signature with full name) i Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology – VNU-HCM SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Faculty of Chemical Engineering Independence – Freedom – Happiness THESIS TASK ASSIGNMENT Student’s name: Le Minh Huong ID: 2270006 Date of birth: 07/11/1999 Place of birth: Ho Chi Minh city Major: Chemical Engineering Code: 8. Title: Title in Vietnamese: Tổng hợp xanh vật liệu kẽm oxit pha tạp cacbon từ dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt ứng dụng để quang phân hủy xanh methylene và quang tổng hợp hydroperoxide Title in English: Green synthesis of carbon-doped zinc oxide using Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide applications 2. Literature review Dye pollution, methylene blue (MB), energy crisis, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), zinc oxide (ZnO), synthesis routes of ZnO, photocatalysis, carbon-doped zinc oxide (ZnO-C), photocatalytic mechanism, green synthesis, Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract.
Experimental - Preparation of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract; - Influences of calcination conditions on the characteristics and MB photodegradation performance of ZnO-C prepared from Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract calcinated at various temperatures and times; - Characterization of the suitable ZnO-C; - Photodegradation of MB using ZnO-C, the related photocatalysis mechanism, reusability, and recyclability of ZnO-C for the removal of MB; - Photoproduction of H2O2 in the presence of ZnO-C, the corresponding photocatalysis mechanism, reusability, and recyclability of ZnO-C for the production of H2O2. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph.; Vo Nguyen Dai Viet, Ph. Ho Chi Minh City, July 12, 2023 SUPERVISOR HEAD OF KEY LABORATORY (Signature with full name) (Signature with full name) NGUYEN HUU HIEU VO NGUYEN DAI VIET NGUYEN HUU HIEU HEAD OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (Signature with full name) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ever since I was born, my parents, especially my mom, have cherished me and cheered me for every step that I took in my life. Little by little, I always tried my best to achieve the goals that I have set.
Four years of studying as well as two years of researching has brought me tons of experience along with memorable moments at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) – Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM). Every time I met a dead end during my enrollment and research in this university, it has and always been my mom who gave me the courage and the strength to continue to pursue my dreams and goals. I would like to send my special thanks of gratitude to Assoc. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph.
and Vo Nguyen Dai Viet, Ph. I have learned various skills and knowledge from them not only just academic knowledge but also their ways of thinking and problem-solving. Their thoroughness has helped a lot during research. Without Their dedication, my thesis would not be implemented in time.
I would also like to send my appreciation to all the members of VNU-HCM, Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab), HCMUT – VNU-HCM. I hope that one day I can return to this university to recall all the memorable moments that I have had during years of enrollment. Ho Chi Minh City, July 2023 Author Le Minh Huong iii ABSTRACT In this study, carbon doped-zinc oxide (ZnO-C) was green synthesized using Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract and calcination. The influences of calcination temperature and time on the characteristics and methylene blue (MB) photodegradation performance of ZnO-C.
The samples calcinated at various temperatures and times were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetry analysis-differential thermal analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The ZnO-C sample calcinated at favorable temperature and time was characterized via transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption- desorption isotherms, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Simultaneously, the band structure of ZnO-C was also calculated. The photodegradation of MB using ZnO-C was assessed.
The individual influences of factors such as catalyst doses (40, 50, and 60 mg), pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), and initial dye concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L) were evaluated. The photocatalysis mechanism of ZnO-C for MB was proposed via total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand and radical scavenger results. The reusability and recyclability of ZnO- C for this process were studied after 10 cycles were also evaluated. The photoproduction of H2O2 was also studied.
the impacts of electron donors (methanol and isopropanol), its volumes (2.5 mL), and catalyst doses (2.5 mg) on the photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide using ZnO-C prepared at favorable conditions was individually studied. The mechanism of ZnO-C for the photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide was suggested based on the determined band structure of ZnO and redox potentials of radicals and hydrogen peroxide. The reusability and recyclability of ZnO-C for this process were similarly studied after 10 cycles. The works done in this thesis are summarized in Figure 1.
Work done in this thesis v TÓM TẮT Trong nghiên cứu này, kẽm oxit pha tạp cacbon (ZnO-C) được tổng hợp xanh từ dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt. Ảnh hưởng của nhiệt độ nung và thời gian nung đến đặc trưng và hiệu suất xúc tác quang phân hủy xanh methylene (MB) của ZnO-C được khảo sát. Đặc trưng của vật liệu ZnO-C nung ở nhiệt độ và thời gian khác nhau được khảo sát bằng các phương pháp phân tích như: Kính hiển vi điện tử quét, phổ tán xạ năng lượng tia X, phân tích nhiệt trọng lượng-nhiệt vi sai, quang phổ hồng ngoại biến đổi Fourier, và nhiễu xạ tia X. Đặc trưng của vật liệu ZnO-C nung ở nhiệt độ và thời gian phù hợp được khảo sát bằng kính hiển vi điện tử truyền qua, phổ Raman, đường đẳng nhiệt hấp phụ-giải hấp nitơ, quang phổ phản xạ khuếch tán tử ngoại khả kiến, phổ trở kháng điện hóa, vôn kế tuần hoàn,và quang phổ huỳnh quang.
Đồng thời, năng lượng vùng dẫn và vùng hóa trị của vật liệu ZnO-C cũng được xác định. Hiệu suất quang phân hủy của ZnO-C đối với xanh metylene (MB) được khảo sát. Ảnh hưởng của lượng chất xúc tác (40, 50, và 60 mg), pH (3, 5, 7, 9, và 11), và nồng độ MB (5, 10, 15, 20, và 25 mg/L) lên hiệu suất quang phân hủy MB được khảo sát. Cơ chế quang phân hủy xanh metylen của vật liệu ZnO-C đã được đề xuất thông qua tổng lượng carbon hữu cơ, nhu cầu oxy hóa học, và ảnh hưởng của các chất tự do đến hiệu suất quang phân hủy MB.
Khả năng thu hồi và tái sử dụng của vật liệu ZnO-C được khảo sát qua 10 chu kỳ tái sử dụng liên tiếp để đánh giả khả năng tái sử dụng của vật liệu ZnO-C. Quá trình quang tổng hợp hydroperoxide (H2O2) sử dụng vật liệu ZnO-C cũng được khảo sát. Ảnh hưởng của chất cho điện tử (methanol và isopropanol), thể tích của chất cho điện tử (2,5, 5,0, và 7,5 mL), và lượng xúc tác (2,5, 5,0, và 7,5 mg) của vật liệu ZnO-C đối với quá trình quang tổng hợp H2O2 cũng được khảo sát để tìm ra điều kiện phù hợp. Thêm đó, cơ chế xúc tác quang ZnO-C đối với quá trình quang tổng hợp hydroperoxide được đề xuất dựa trên thế năng lượng của vùng dẫn và vùng hóa trị của ZnO-C.
Khả năng thu hồi và tài sử dụng của vật liệu ZnO-C cho quá trình quang tổng hợp H2O2 qua 10 chu kỳ tái sử dụng cũng được khảo sát. vi COMMITMENT OF THE THESIS’ AUTHOR I hereby declare that the work is originally implemented by the author and carried out under the instructions of Assoc. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph.D and Vo Nguyen Dai Viet, Ph. in Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology – Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City.
I confirm that this work is the result of my research and is solely my work. All the contribution-related to this thesis have been fully acknowledged. I affirm that any formulation, idea, research, reasoning, or analysis borrowed from a third party is correctly and accurately cited in both techniques and the author’s rights. The author takes full responsibility for the full work.
Author Le Minh Huong vii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Carbon-doped zinc oxide (ZnO-C). Synthesis of ZnO-C. Garcinia mangostana pericarp.
Domestic and international research and status on ZnO-C. Domestic researches on ZnO-C. International researches on ZnO-C. Objectives, contents, methods, essentiality novelty, and contribution of thesis.
Novelty of thesis. Contribution of thesis. Chemicals, materials, facilities, equipment, and work location. Chemicals and materials.
mangostana pericarp extract. Study on influences of calcination temperature and time on characteristics and photodegradation performance of ZnO-C toward MB. Characterization of ZnO-C calcinated at favorable temperature and time. Study on the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB), related mechanism, reusability, and recoverability of the catalyst.
Study on the photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), corresponding mechanism, reusability, and recoverability of catalyst. Influences of calcination temperature and time on the characteristics and photocatalytic removal of MB of ZnO-C. Photocatalytic degradation of MB. Characterization of ZnO-C calcinated at favorable temperature and time 73 3.
Photocatalytic degradation of MB, related mechanism, reusability, and recoverability of the catalyst. Individual influences of factors. Reusability and recyclability of catalyst. Photoproduction of H2O2, corresponding mechanism, reusability, and recoverability of the catalyst.
Individual influences of impacting factor. Reusability and recyclability of catalyst. 89 x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Methylene blue and its chemical structure.
Production routes for H2O2. Polymorphs of ZnO (a) wurtzite, (b) zinc blende, and (c) rocksalt. Synthesis routes of ZnO. High-energy ball milling process.
Sol-gel process. Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclaves. Chemical vapor deposition process. Intracellular and extracellular formation of metal oxide nanoparticles.
Formation of ZnO using phytochemicals. Photocatalyst mechanism of ZnO. Modification method on ZnO. Type II heterojunction.
Type III heterojunction. Influences of metal doping on the band structure of ZnO. Influences of non-metal doping on band structure of ZnO. Wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO-C.
Photocatalyst mechanism of ZnO-C. Principle of SEM. Fundamental principles of EDS. Principle of FTIR spectrometer.
Fundamental principle of XRD. Principle of TEM. Principle of Raman spectrometer. Adsorption isotherm according to IUPAC classification.
Principle of UV–Vis DRS. Description of EIS circuit and the redox reaction that occurs at the surface of a three-electrode system. Three electrodes setup. Fundamental principles of PL.
Principle of UVvis spectrometer. Extraction procedure of G. Synthesis of ZnO-C procedure. Photodegradation of MB using ZnO-C.
Influences for scavengers on the photodegradation of MB. Procedure for evaluating the reusability and recyclability of catalyst for the photodegradation of MB. Photoproduction of H2O2 using ZnO-C .