THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NATIONAL TSING HUA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE REPORT Title: “SYNTHESIS AND USING AUCUZN-BASE CATALYSTS FOR CHANGING OF HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION IN METHANOL REACTION BY TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED REDUCTION (TPR)” Full name : Le Anh Tu Class : K42 - AEP Supervisor : 鈺軫博士(Dr. Yuh-Jeen, Huang) Dr. Duong Van Thao Taiwan - 2014 n ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to the school board of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry, International Training and Development Center; Advanced Education Program, Dr. Duong Van Thao, thank the teachers who has imparted to me knowledge and valuable experience during the process of learning and researching here.
In the process of implementing and completing thesis, I have received the enthusiastic help of the teachers of Tsing Hua National University. I would like to express my special thanks to 鈺 軫 博士 (Dr. Yuh-Jeen, Huang) who has spent a lot of time and created favorable conditions, enthusiastically guided me to complete this thesis. I sincerely thank my friends in the laboratory, especially 廖 翊 君 (Ms.
Kimi) who facilitated, and provided the information and data necessary for my implementation process and helped me finish this thesis. In the process of implementing the project, due to limited time, financial and research levels of myself, this project has many inevitably shortcomings. So, I hope to receive the attention and feedbacks from teachers and friends for this thesis to make it is more completed. Taiwan, 2014 Students perform LE ANH TU n Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name LE ANH TU Student ID DTN 0953060035 Thesis Title Synthesis and using aucuzn-base catalysts for changing of hydrogen consumption in methanol reaction by temperature programmed reduction (TPR) Supervisor (s) Dr.
Duong Van Thao 鈺 軫 博士 (Dr. Yuh-Jeen, Huang) Abstract: Nano gold particle supported on copper zinc catalyst to proceed methanol reforming was investigated in this study. A synthesis method was developed which utilized co-precipitation to produce copper zinc catalyst, gold was added at pH 7 by deposition precipitation method after copper zinc catalyst was precipitated and dried. This synthesis procedure avoids severe gold loss and preserves significant reactivity after calcination.
Different gold content, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%, on the 30% copper. Supported on zinc oxide catalyst synthesis by procedure mentioned above, were characterized and tested in a fixed bed reactor through partial oxidation of methanol (POM), steam reforming of methanol (SRM) and oxidative steam reforming of methanol (OSRM) reaction. The addition of gold can suppress the carbon monoxide. In addition, with the increasing gold content, less CO was formed.
Furthermore, in the absent of oxygen, addition of gold also decreased the CO formation in SRM reaction. Higher oxygen concentration in POM reaction did not decrease the CO formation significantly, but caused severe hydrogen combustion. Meanwhile, higher oxygen concentration in OSRM reaction leaded to higher CO formation. Besides, the addition of gold can lower the initiation temperature.
Gold is an ideal additive to improve the initiation temperature and decrease CO formation. Lower initiation temperature without pre-activation allows simpler heating module and reduces cost for the reformer. Gold, which is a least active element, has been regarded as a poor promoter for catalyst. However, recent research found that nano gold particle deposited on metal oxide by deposition precipitation or co- precipitation method showed excellent promoting effect.
Au supported on ceria oxide, zinc oxide, aluminia oxide and other metal oxide were found as a great improvement on CO preferential oxidation. Au doped catalysts are capable of absorbing CO at room temperature and oxidizing to CO2 at mild temperature. Keywords: gold, initiation temperature, CO Number of pages: 47 Date of Submission : 09/01/2015 n Contents 1.Rationale of the study .Aims of the study .Research questions and hypothesis. Error! Bookmark not defined.Limifation of the study.
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………………………. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Oxygen vacancies on CuZn catalyst. POM reaction over catalysts by different synthesis method .Materials and Equipments (Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University………………………….
Catalyst preparation method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Temperature programmed reduction (TPR). Results of synthesis catalyst.
Results of transmission electron microscopy. Results of temperature programmed reduction. Discussion and conclusion. Transmission Electrons Microscopy.
Temperature programmed reduction. 443 n List of Figures Fig 2-1. A chart of MEA consist of two electrodes, anode and cathode and the polymer electrolyte .Error! Bookmark not defined. Model for the activity ZnO in the hydrogenation of CO.
The space-filling model shows the (000ī) surface with one oxygen vacancy. The ball-and-stick models show the chemisorption of CO at the oxygen vacancy .Error! Bookmark not defined. Transmission electron microscopy imaging of catalysts by different preperation methods .Error! Bookmark not defined. The temperature profile of catalysts prepared by different method in the POM reaction .Error! Bookmark not defined.
A schematic diagram for the temperature programmed reduction system used in this study, rearranged from S.Dissertation, National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC,(2006) .Error! Bookmark not defined.Error! Bookmark not defined. Incubation for 1 hour .Error! Bookmark not defined. After 1h compounds are filtered and washed with deionized water 4L. The precipitate was dried at 1050C overnight .Error! Bookmark not defined.
After drying at 1050C, the precipitate was pulverized and calcined in air flow of 30 ml/min at 4000C for two hours.Error! Bookmark not defined. A Au4CuZn sample .Error! Bookmark not defined.Error! Bookmark not defined. Using the U-shaped grass pipes for catalyst 50. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Regulators same parameters TPR reactor .Error! Bookmark not defined. The gas flow valve in the process of TPR .Error! Bookmark not defined. Results of Temperature programmed reduction .Error! Bookmark not defined. n List of Tables Table 1-1.
Summary of major differences of the fuel cell types. Potential hydrogen storage materials .Error! Bookmark not defined. Chemicals and solutions .Error! Bookmark not defined. The quantity of materials used .Error! Bookmark not defined.
Regulators same parameters TPR reactor .Error! Bookmark not defined. n Abbreviations DM Thermal decomposition of methanol OSRM Oxidative stream of reforming of methanol PEMFCs Proton exchange membrane fuel cells POM Partial oxidation of methanol SRM Steam reforming of methanol TEM Transmission electron microscopy TPO Temperature programmed oxidation TPR Temperature programmed reduction n 1. Rationale of the Study Energy used for transport, food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, manufacturing, high technique industry and so forth is very important in our daily life of modern society. The sources of energy are almost composed by fossil fuels, which consist of oil, coal and natural gas.
However, when we burn fossil fuels, NOx, SOx, CO, CO2, CH4, etc Are produced and then caused many kinds of pollution such as acid rain, greenhouse effect, health impairament, and intensifying natural climate, etc. Furthermore, specialists in fossil fuels industry estimated that current reserves would only last for about 40 years. Fossil fuel has been bring the disadvantages of environmental pollution and emitting green house gases. Nowadays, climate change and the exhausting crude oil deposition are becoming ineligible (Charles, 1971).
Fuel cell (FC) as one of the most potential and efficient devices in renewable energy, has higher efficiency of electricity generation than internal combustion engine systems since chemical energy is almost directly converted to electric energy in fuel cells. Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electricity without the combustion process. Moreover, a fuel cell is not governed by thermodynamic laws, such as the Carnot efficiency associated with heat engines, currently used for power generation. Fuel cells can be just as efficient as large one.
Summary of major differences of the fuel cell types (Mark, 2002) Fuel cell type PEMFC AFC PAFC MCFC SOFC Operating 353ºK 338-493ºK 473ºK 923ºK 873 – 1273ºK temperature Ionex Phosphorica Molten Electrolyte Alkalinelye Ceramic solid change cid carbonate electrolyte Membranes solution Charge H+ OH- H+ CO32- O2- carrier Fuel H2,CH3OH H2 H2 CH4,LPG CH4,LPG Oxidationme Oxygenfro Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen dia mair fromair fromair fromair Catalyst Platinum Platinum Platinum Nickel Perovskites 1. Simplicity: The essentials of a fuel cell are very simple, without moving parts. The simplicity can lead to highly reliable, long lasting systems and power output quickly and easily. Low emissions: Combustion is not involved, no combustion by - products, such as nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur oxide (SOx), or particulates, produced.
In hydrogen fuel cell, water is the main product from reaction. In other word, fuel cell is essentially “zero Page | 2 n emission” during vehicles operation. Silence: Fuel cells, due to their nature of operation, are extremely quiet in operation, even those with extensive extra fuel processing equipment. This allows fuel cells to be used in residential or built - up areas where the noise pollution is undesirable.
High power density: A high power density allows fuel cells to be relatively compact source of electric power, favorable in application with space constraints. The advantages of fuel cell impact particularly strongly on combining heat and power systems and on mobile power systems, especially for vehicles and many kinds. Aims of the Study Proposed that Au doped catalyst showed better CO suppression and better catalytic ability (Chang, et al. Gold, which is a least active element, and it has been regarded as a poor promoter for catalyst.
Recent research found that nano gold particle deposited on metal oxide by deposition precipitation or co-precipitation method showed excellent promoting effect (Haruta, 1997). With the information below. I decided to use the precipitation method to synthesize gold. This method will examine the effect of catalyst by a schematic diagram and facilities used for the temperature programmed reduction USED system in this study, rearranged by SY Huang, Ph.
National Tsing Hua University Dissertation, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC, (2006), to perform this project graduation. Au supported on ceria oxide, zinc oxide, aluminia oxide and other metal oxide are found great improvement on CO preferential oxidation (Haruta and Daté, 2011). Au doped catalysts are capable to absorb CO at room temperature and oxidize to CO 2 at Page | 3 n mild temperature. Manzoli et al.
found that Au promoted binary oxide, zinc oxide and ceria oxide was the best combination for CO preferential oxidation (Manzoli, et al, 2008). The CO conversion could reach 100% at 323 K, and even at the appearance of 10% steam, the conversion just slightly decreased 0. Au nano particle supported on several metal oxide for POM and DM reaction were studied previously. Gazsi and co- workers doped Au nano particle on different supporting material and DM reaction was investigated (Gazsi, et al, 2009).
The study showed that high temperature (>3000C) is necessary to activate the reaction and 1% Au supported on CeO2 exhibit highest activity. In the absent of oxidant, high temperature is required but this is not conform to our target, low reforming temperature. Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M et al. investigated SRM reaction over Au supported on rod shape and cube shape cerium oxide (Saltsburg, 2010).
In a dilute reactant condition (2%CH3OH/2.6% H2O), 1% Au/CeO2 (rod) reached 100% methanol conversion at 3000C and 17% left when temperature decreased to 2000C. Series of nano gold particle supported on different material (TiO2, Fe2O3, ZnO, Al2O3, CuO) were employed for POM reaction. Research questions and hypothesis Research questions : whether the precipitation method can be used to synthesize the desired ratio of AuCuZn compound. What AuCuZn ratio is the best for Partial oxidation of methanol (POM) reaction.
Hypothesis: TPR can be used to test the reaction catalyst. That Au doped catalyst showed better CO suppression and better catalytic ability Page | 4 n 1. Limitations of the Study Methanol, it is the simplest alcohol, which is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable, with a distinctive odor that is somewhat milder and sweeter than ethanol. At room temperature, it is a polar liquid and used as an antifreeze, solvent, and fuel.
It is also used for producing biodiesel via transesterification reaction. Methanol is produced naturally in the anaerobic metabolism of many types of bacteria.