VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TU NGOC THACH SYNTHESIS OF COBALT AND IRON-BASED METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS PhD THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, 2016 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TU NGOC THACH SYNTHESIS OF COBALT AND IRON-BASED METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Faculty: Chemical Engineering, Division of Organic Chemical Engineering Division code: 62527505 Independent Reviewer 1: Prof. DINH Thi Ngo Independent Reviewer 2: Assoc. VU Anh Tuan Reviewer 1: Assoc. NGUYEN Thi Phuong Phong Reviewer 2: Assoc.
NGUYEN Cuu Khoa Reviewer 3: Assoc. LE Van Thang Scientific Advisor: Prof. PHAN Thanh Son Nam TU N. THACH ASSURANCES I hereby declared that this is the work of the author myself.
The findings and conclusions in this thesis are honest, and not copied from any source in any shape or form. The reference sources cited were made and recorded reference sources according to specifications. Author of the Thesis TU NGOC THACH i TU N. THACH ABSTRACT The synthesis, structural identification of four novel cobalt and iron-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), named VNU-10 (cobalt-based MOF), VNU-15 (iron-based MOF, VNU = Vietnam National University), Fe-NH2-BDC and Fe-BTC have been done by single crystal x-ray diffraction (SC-XRD).
Full characterization and applications of VNU-10, VNU-15 were undertaken and preliminary characterizations have been done for Fe-NH2- BDC and Fe-BTC. Accordingly, VNU-10 with 1.4 nm pore aperture and high surface area (2600 m2 g-1) exhibited exceptional catalytic activity toward the direct amination of bezoxazoles via CH/N-H couplings while a previously reported topological isomer, Co 2(BDC)2(DABCO)sql displayed poor activity under testing condition. Leaching tests indicated that homogeneous catalysis via leached active cobalt species is unlikely. Furthermore, the VNU-10 catalyst was facilely isolated from the reaction mixture and reused several times without degradation of the catalytic reactivity.
VNU-15 with integrated sulphate ligands accompanied by hydrogen-bonded dimethyl ammonium ions that lined the pore channels, the proton conductivity of this material reached 2.90 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 95 °C and 60% relative humidity which is roughly 2.5 times higher than nafion under similar conditions (1.0 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 60% RH and 80 °C) and on the order of a magnitude higher than that observed in several of the highest performing MOFs reported, albeit these materials’ proton conductivity properties were reported with high working relative humidity (RH ≥ 90%). Remarkably, the ultrahigh proton conductivity of VNU-15 was maintained under these conditions, without any appreciable loss, for 40 hours. THACH ACKNOWLEGDMENT I would like to give acknowledgement to My Adviser, Prof. Nam Son Thanh Phan who gave valuable research directions and guided me to achieve the final scientific goals.
Hiroyasu Furukawa at University of California-Berkeley, who provided valuable inputs for research directions and guided me to become organized researcher. Kyle Ellis Cordova at MANAR center & University of California-Berkeley, who gave valuable inputs for proton conducting application of VNU-15 and catalytic application of VNU-10. Thanh Vu Truong, Mr. Nguyen, and Mr.
Nguyen who have significant contributions to the catalytic application of VNU-10. Phan, who scaled up VNU-15 for proton conduction measurement, Mr. Nguyen for topology analysis of VNU-15, Dr. Hoang Thai Nguyen for his initial guide for proton conducting measurement.
Special thanks to all friends at MANAR and University of technology who assisted me to finalize the thesis. Special thanks to my parent who continuingly motivated me during the hard times. THACH CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. 1 CHAPTER 1: THE CHEMISTRY & APPLICATIONS OF METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS .1 Definition of Metal Organic Framework .2 Applications of Metal-organic Frameworks .1 Applications of Metal organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysis .1 Metal-organic Frameworks as Scaffold for Oxidative Transformation of Organic Substrates .1 Cobalt-based MOFs for Oxidative Transformation of Small Organic Substrates .2 Metal-organic Frameworks for Oxidative Conversation of Large Organic Substrates .2 Strategy for Design the Catalytic Active Centers in MOFs .1 Metal Clusters as the Catalytic Active Sites in MOFs .2 Functional Linkers as Catalytic Active Sites in MOFs .3 Post-Modification Strategy for Incorporating Catalytic Active Sites into MOFs .4 Immobilization of Catalytic Active Guests into MOFs via Self-Assembly .2 MOFs for Proton Conduction .1 Water-mediated Proton Conducting MOFs .1 Design Strategy toward High Proton Conductivity MOFs under Humidity Condition.1 Doping Proton Donors Molecules into the MOFs .2 Coordinately Unsaturated Metal Sites Approach .3 Acidic Functional Groups Approach .4 Defect Sites Approach .5 Water-mediated Proton Conductivity of MOFs .2 Anhydrous proton-conducting MOFs.
20 CHAPTER 2: SYNTHESIS OF THE NOVEL METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATIONS .1 The Modular Nature in Design and Synthesis of MOFs and The Quest to Design and Synthesize New MOFs.2 Materials and Instrumentation .2 Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SC-XRD) and Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) Data Collection .3 Instruments for Characterization of VNU-10, VNU-15, Fe-NH2BDC, Fe-BTC.3 Material Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure Analysis and Characterization for VNU-10.1 Synthesis of VNU-10 .2 Crystal Structure of VNU-10 .3 Characterization of VNU-10 .1 Microscope Image of VNU-10 .2 PXRD Analysis of VNU-10.3 FT-IR Analysis of activated VNU-10 .4 Thermogravimetric Analysis of VNU-10 .5 Gas Adsorption Measurements .4 Material Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure Analysis and Characterization for the Novel structure of VNU-15 .1 Synthesis of VNU-15 .2 Crystal Structures of VNU-15 .3 Characterization of VNU-15 .1 Microscope Image of VNU-15 .2 PXRD Analysis for VNU-15 .3 FT-IR Analysis of activated VNU-15 .4 Thermogravimetric Analysis of VNU-15 .5 Porosity and Gas Adsorption of VNU-15 .6 Water Uptake, PXRD and FT-IR of Corresponding VNU-15 Sample .5 Material Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure Analysis and Characterization for the Novel structure of Fe-NH2BDC .1 Synthesis of Fe-NH2BDC .2 Crystal Structures of Fe-NH2BDC .3 Characterization of Fe-NH2BDC .1 Microscope Image of Fe-NH2BDC .2 PXRD Analysis of Fe-NH2BDC .3 FT-IR Analysis of activated Fe-NH2BDC .4 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Fe-NH2BDC .6 Material Synthesis, Single Crystal Structure Analysis and Characterization for the Novel structure of Fe-BTC .1 Synthesis of Fe-BTC .2 Crystal Structures of Fe-BTC .3 Characterization of Fe-BTC .1 PXRD Analysis of Fe-BTC .2 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Fe-BTC. 56 CHAPTER 3: APPLICATIONS OF VNU-10 AND VNU-15 .1 NEW TOPOLOGICAL Co2(BDC)2(DABCO) AS HIGHLY ACTIVE HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR AMINATION OF OXAZOLES VIA OXIDATIVE C-H/N-H COUPLINGS .1 The Quest for Large Pore Window (above 15 Å) and High Surface Area (above 2600 m2 g-1) MOFs as Catalyst for Large Substrate Conversions .2 Direct Amination of Azoles under Mild Reaction Conditions .5 Method for Catalysis Study .1 Method for Gas Chromatographic .2 GC Calculation and analysis .3 Method for Catalytic studies .4 Synthesis of Reported MOFs .6 Investigations on VNU-10 Catalytic Performance for Direct Oxidative Amination of Benzoxazole with Piperidine .1 Conditions Screening for Direct Oxidative Amination of Benzoxazole with Piperidine Using Heterogeneous VNU-10 .1 Effect of Reagent Ratio on GC Yield .2 Effect of Catalyst Loading on GC Yield .3 Effect of Various Solvents on GC Yield .4 Effect of Various Acids on GC Yield.5 Effect of Various Oxidants on GC Yield .6 Optimizing Condition for Amination of Benzoxazole Reaction Using VNU- 10 Catalyst & Product Analysis by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR .2 Advantages of VNU-10 for Amination of Benzoxazole Reaction over Other Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalyst .3 The Heterogeneous Nature of VNU-10 .4 Greener Protocol to Benzoxazole Amine Compounds by Recycling of VNU-10 .5 Synthesis of Diverse Benzoxazole Amine Derivatives with Different Amine Substitutes .2 HIGH PROTON CONDUCTIVITY AT LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN AN ANIONIC Fe-BASED METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORK .1 Introduction of Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Impedance and Nyquist Plot of Impedance .1 Hydrogen Fuel Cell .2 Definition of Impedance and Nyquist Plot of Impedance .2 The Quest of Proton Conducting Membrane that Maintain High Conductivity at High Temperature and Low Humidity .5 Method for Proton Conductivity Measurement .1 Preparation of Pelletized VNU-15 and Proton Conductivity Measurement .2 Data Proceeding to Obtain Proton Conductivity .6 Investigation for the Proton Conductivity of VNU-15 .1 Correlation between Structure of VNU-15 and Proton Conductivity .2 Proton Conductivity Measurement of VNU-15 under Low Humidity at 95 °C .3 Exploration of the Proton Conduction Mechanism of pelletized VNU-15 .4 Investigation for the Stability of VNU-15 during Proton Conductivity Measurement .5 Investigation for the Working Stability of VNU-15 as Function of Time & Conductivities under 55 and 60% RH at 95 °C. 98 List of Publications. THACH List of Figures Fig.
1 Structure of MOF-5 constructed from Zn4O(CO2)6 cluster and BDC2- linker. 2 Recent progress on synthesizing high surface area material. 3 a) Crystal structure of PCN-222; b) Peroxidase-like oxidation reaction of pyrogallol catalyzed by PCN-222(Fe). 4 a) Crystal structure of PCN-600(Fe); b) Enzyme mimetic co-oxidation of phenol and 4-aminoantipyrine catalyzed by PCN-600(Fe).
5 a) [Co4Cl]7+ secondary building unit and the crystal structure of Co-btt; b) Epoxides ring opening reaction carried out by Co-btt catalysis. 6 a) Crystal structure of ZIF-9; b) The CO2 reduction reactions catalysis by ZIF- 9. 7 a) Structure of ZnPO-MOF and corresponding linker to construct the MOF; b) Mechanism for acyl-transfer reaction catalyze by ZnPO-MOF. 8 a) Urea MOF strategy; b) Catalytic activities of NU-601.
9 a) Post-modified MIL-101 by sequent combination between Brønsted acid and Lewis acid sites; b) Investigated the benzylation reaction of mesitylene with benzyl alcohol; c) Compared catalytic activity of MIL-101-Cr-SO3H·Al(III) with other catalysts. 10 One-Pot Synthesis of the MIL101-Anchored Nickel Complex, Ni@(Fe)MIL- 101. 11 a) Crystal structure of rho-ZMOF with schematic presentation of [H2TMPyP]4+ porphyrin ring enclosed in rho-ZMOF α-cage, b) Cyclohexane catalytic oxidation at 65 °C. Yield % based on TBHP, 1 eq.
consumed per alcohol produced and 2 eq. consumed per ketone produced. 12 X-rays crystal structure of CuPW11O39]5-@HKUST-1. 13 Structure of VNU-10, the paddle wheel cluster are connected with BDC2- by two different way to form the DABCO connected kgm layers of VNU-10 and DABCO connected sql layer of Co2(BDC)2(DABCO).
C, black; O, red; Co, light blue; N, blue; H was omitted for clarity. 14 Crystal structure of VNU-10 represented in DABCO connected kgm layers; a) Vertexes and edges assignment for cobalt nodes and linkages of VNU-10; b) Structure of VNU-10 represented in DABCO connected kgm layers. Black, BDC2-; Blue, DABCO; light blue, paddle wheel cobalt nodes; yellow, linkages between iron nodes. 15 Thermal ellipsoid plot of the asymmetric unit of VNU-10 with 30% probability.
C, black; O, red; Co, light blue; N, blue; H, white. 16 Green needle crystal of VNU-10 at forty zooming times. 17 The calculated PXRD pattern of VNU-10 from single crystal data (red) compared with the experimental patterns from the as-synthesized VNU-10 (orange) and Co2(BDC)2DABCOsql (Black). 18 FT-IR of activated VNU-10; inset: zooming with wavelength from 1450 to 1690 cm-1.
19 Thermogravimetric analysis of VNU-10 in air stream under 20% O2 and 80% N2. 20 N2 adsorption isotherm of VNU-10 at 77 K. 21 CO2, CH4, N2 adsorption isotherm of VNU-10 at 273 K. 22 CO2, CH4, N2 adsorption isotherm of VNU-10 at 298 K.
23 Crystal structure of VNU-15 is constructed from BDC2- and NDC2- linkers that stitch together corrugated infinite rods of [Fe2(CO2)3(SO4)2(DMA)2]∞ (a). These corrugated infinite rods propagate along the a and b axes to form the three-dimensional architecture. The structure is shown from the [110] and [001] plans (b, c, respectively). THACH Atom colors: Fe, orange and blue polyhedra; C, black; O, red; S, yellow; N, blue; and DMA cations, light blue.
All other H atoms are omitted for clarity. 24 Representation of the fob topology that VNU-15 adopts. a) Vertexes and edges assignment for iron nodes and linkages of VNU-15; b) Structure of VNU-15 represented in fob topology. Atom colors: Fe, orange and blue polyhedra; C, black; O, red; S, yellow; N, blue; and DMA cations, light blue.
All other H atoms are omitted for clarity. 25 Thermal ellipsoid plot of the asymmetric unit of VNU-15 with 50% probability. C, black; O, red; Fe, orange; S, yellow; N, blue; H, white. 26 Orange octahedral crystal of VNU-15 at forty zooming times.
27 The calculated PXRD pattern of VNU-15 from single crystal data (black) compared with the experimental patterns from the as-synthesized sample (blue) and samples after activation at 100 °C (red). 28 FT-IR spectra of activated VNU-15.