MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY MASTER THESIS TRADE AND THE TRANSITION TOWARDS CIRCULAR ECONOMY: A RESEARCH ON CURRENT GLOBAL PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETNAM Specialization: International Trade Policy and Law NGUYEN THI HANG Hanoi – 2020 Luan van MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING FOREIGN TRADE UNIVERSITY MASTER THESIS TRADE AND THE TRANSITION TOWARDS CIRCULAR ECONOMY: A RESEARCH ON CURRENT GLOBAL PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETNAM Specialization: International Trade Policy and Law Code: 8310106 Student: Nguyen Thi Hang Supervisor: Dr. Vu Kim Ngan Hanoi – 2020 Luan van i STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I, Nguyen Thi Hang, hereby declare that this Master's Thesis has been written solely by the undersigned under the guidance of my supervisor, Dr. Vu Kim Ngan, Foreign Trade University, Hanoi, Vietnam. The contents and results of this research are completely honest.
The information, data and documents which are collected from various sources for analysis and evaluation have been fully cited in the main content and in the references list of this master thesis as well. I also state that said Master's Thesis has not been submitted elsewhere for the fulfilment of any other qualification. I make this statement in full knowledge of and understanding that, should it be found to be false, I will not receive a grade and may face disciplinary proceedings. Student Nguyen Thi Hang Luan van ii ACKOWLEDGEMENT In order to complete this master thesis, I have been received enthusiastic guidance and support from my lectures, family, my friends and experts in the field.
From the bottom of my heart, I would like to express my thanks to them. Firstly, I would like to express the sincerest thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Vu Kim Ngan who has supported, guided and encouraged me during the completion of this master thesis from choosing the topic, outlining the main ideas, turning those ideas into this thesis to editing this paper. Without her enthusiastic and excellent guidance and support, I could not have completed this master thesis.
Also, I would like to express my special thanks to all lecturers of the Master of International Policy and Law program, Foreign Trade University as well as World Trade Institute who gave me the chance to broaden my humble horizon in the field of trade policy and law, especially Professor Claudio Dordi, who was also my former supervisor at the European Trade Policy and Investment Support Project (EU – MUTRAP), for the valuable knowledge and experiences that he’s shared with me. Last but not least, I would like to express my warm thanks to my precious family, my colleagues and my dear friends who never stop supporting, encouraging and giving me the favorable conditions for my master journey. Especially, I would like to dedicate this Master thesis to my beloved Grandfather, who was once a brave soldier on the Dien Bien Phu battlefield, who raised me and was my role model of hardworking spirit, positive attitude and morality. I might not become who I am today without him.
I am typing these lines in tears of grief right after his funeral. I regret that I could not manage to let him see his grandchild graduate before he left for the other side. Now my grandfather has long gone, I truly hope he is still there beside me and knows that I miss him so much. I love you, Grandpa! Luan van iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP.
ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES .1 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY. The need to promote circular economy. Linear economy: the issue of resources efficiency & environmental pollution. The promotion of Circular Economy.
The impact of circular economy on trade flows .19 CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY PRACTICES AND TRADE. Overview of global circular economy practices. WTO rules, domestic trade policies and circular economy. Restrictive trade measures and circular economy.
Circular economy initiatives in some countries. Circular economy practices in China. Circular economy practices in the EU. Circular economy policy.
The EU’s trade policies in relation to circular economy. The EU’s implementation of CE Action Plan. Implications for Vietnam as a trade partner of the EU. The EU – Vietnam Trade Relation.
The EU’s transition towards circular economy and implications for Vietnam .48 CHAPTER 3: TRADE AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN VIETNAM: LAWS, REGULATIONS AND PRACTICES .51 Luan van iv 3. Legal framework for the circular economy. International commitments related to circular economy. Domestic legal framework as a platform for circular economy development.
Circular economy-based practices in Vietnam. Vietnam in the supply chain of the global circular economy. Global recycling industry. Vietnam’s trade in the transition towards circular economy .63 CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS TO DEVELOP CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN VIETNAM.
Future prospect and the need to develop circular economy in Vietnam 73 4. Evaluation of the feasibility to develop circular economy in Vietnam. Advantages of Vietnam in developing circular economy. Challenges for Vietnam’s transition towards circular economy.
Recommendations for Vietnam to develop circular economy. Development of a legal framework for circular economy. Initiatives for enterprises. International cooperation for circular economy .87 LIST OF REFERENCES .88 ANNEX 1: LIST OF SCRAPS ALLOWED TO BE IMPORTED FOR PRODUCTION MATERIALS.
i ANNEX 2: LIST OF WASTES SUBJECT TO TEMPORARY SUSPENSION FROM TEMPORARY IMPORT, RE-EXPORT OR MERCHANTING BUSINESS. iv ANNEX 3: SUMMARY OF KEY LEGISLATION AND POLICIES RELATED TO CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN VIETNAM. vii ANNEX 4: ALL 54 ACTIONS PLANS INCLUDED IN THE EU CIRCULAR ECONOMY ACTION PLAN (2015). ix Luan van v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Full version AEC ASEAN Economic Community AfDB African Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CE Circular economy CIEM Central Institute of Economic Management COP Conference of the Parties CPTPP Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership CTE Committee on Trade and Environment EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EEU Eurasian Economic Union EGS Environment Goods and Services EIB European Investment Bank EPR Extended Producer Responsibility EU European Union EVFTA EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement FTA Free Trade Agreement G7 Group of Seven GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP Gross Domestic Product GFN Global Footprint Network HS Harmonized System IEEP Institute for European Environmental Policy MFN Most Favored Nation NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions NT National Treatment OECD The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Luan van vi RCEP The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership SCM Agreement The Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SIA Sustainability Impact Assessment SMEs Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises SPS Agreement The Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures TBT Agreement The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership UK The United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCTAD The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNIDO The United Nations Industrial Development Organization VBCSD Vietnam Business Council for Sustainable Development VCCE Vietnam Centre for Circular Economy VCCI Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry VRP Vietnam Recycling Platform WCO World Customs Organization WSR Waste Shipment Regulation WTO World Trade Organization Luan van vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 1.1: Linear economy model .2: Principle of circular economy: Making things last .3: Circular Economy to tackle the overlooked emissions .4: The circular economy – an industrial system that is restorative by design .5: Opportunities for trade in waste and secondary materials .The evolution of circular economy policy in China .2 Circular Economy development in China .1: Global waste traded internationally, by value and weight .2: Major exporters of plastics waste to China in 2016 .3: Imports of plastic scraps coming to Vietnam (in tons) showing the top 10 export partners .1: Impact of circular economy on trade flows .1: Resource Efficiency & Circular Economy National Policy/Strategy.
Circular Economy Package 2015: Proposed amendments to four waste management legal acts of the EU .3: The EU’s Circular Economy Actions and their trade implications. Non-profit alliances/initiatives with the concept of circular economy .2: List of Vietnam’s regulatory documents for trade in waste and scraps as recyclable materials for production .3: Used goods, waste and scrap banned from import to Vietnam .4: List of scrap temporarily suspended from import into Vietnam.70 Luan van viii ABSTRACT As a new approach in the way resources are treated, circular economy is gaining attention worldwide for being the solution for the conflict between economic development and environment protection. Research has shown that the transition towards circular economy at both domestic and global level has close linkage to international trade, i. the trade in second-hand goods, end-of-life products, secondary materials and waste.
The trade flows of such circular goods and relevant services should be facilitated for the world to reach a global circular economy. This study aims to determine whether that ideal circular trade is facing any restrictions and the research results indicate that these trade flows are indeed being blocked by some barriers namely import bans (e. China’s National Sword Policy & Basel Convention) by “waste” importing countries including Vietnam. Based on a review of the literature on theories of circular economy and trade policy, it is revealed that such barriers are resulted from the lack of international cooperation for agreed common standards and regulations.
Legal review also presents with Vietnam’s existing laws regulating trade in waste and scrap and the restrictions in place. On that basis, it is recommended that Vietnam should promote its domestic circular economy, then engage in collaboration through dialogues, trade agreements, and missions to lift unnecessary trade barriers to circular goods & services, and participate in the development of a harmonized system of standards. Further research is needed to identify how circular economy could be integrated into trade policy and trade agreements. Luan van 1 INTRODUCTION 1.
Research rationale As a matter of fact, the excessive exploitation and consumption of the earth’s limited natural resources plus poor waste management and treatment are shown to lead human beings to the exhaustion of resources and serious environmental pollution. Notably, signs of climate change which is originated from human activities have become more and more obvious as “global warming reaches above 1 degree Celsius above preindustrial level”1. Understanding the global challenges, countries are now trying to settle the problems. 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and the Paris Climate Agreement are among those efforts to “save” humanity from disasters.
Circular economy – a new economic model – was later introduced and now has gained much attention globally for its promising potential in achieving sustainability as set forth in the Paris Agreement and SDGs. Circular economy could be simply understood as "where the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy for as long as possible, and the generation of waste minimized”2, which seeks to combat pollution and achieve sustainable development. Leading the movement towards circular economy is the EU, its member states, China, etc. who have started their efforts for years with the implementation of national action plans, strategies, and promulgation of relevant laws, etc.
Vietnam, among the most vulnerable countries to the negative impacts of climate change3, has also recently made its first baby steps in the circular economy shift by, among others, organizing workshops to educate and promote circular economy to relevant entities including policy making bodies and enterprises. 1 UN report, 2018 2 Material Economics (2018): The Circular Economy: A powerful force for climate mitigation; Arno Behrens (2016): Time to connect dots: What is the link between climate change policy and the circular economy?, CEPS Policy Brief, Nr. 3 IPPC (2019), Global Warming of 1. Available at: https://www.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.