ACCOUNTING 1 CHAPTER 2 THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2 2 TOPIC LIST 1. Assets, liabilities and the business entity concept 2. The accounting equation 3. The statement of financial position 5.
Preparing the statement of financial position 6. The statement of profit or loss 3 3 1 1 1. ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND THE BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT 1. Assets and liabilities Asset: a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity.
ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND THE BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT 1. Assets and liabilities Asset: non-current assets v current assets Land and buildings Motor vehicles Plant and machinery Fixtures and fittings Cash Inventory Receivables 5 5 1. ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND THE BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT 1. Assets and liabilities Liability: a present obligation arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.
ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND THE BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT 1. Assets and liabilities Examples: Bank loan or overdraft Payables Taxation 7 7 1. ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND THE BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT 1. The business as a separate entity Business entity concept: a business is a separate entity from its owner (strict legal position v convention adopted by accountants) 8 8 1.
ASSETS, LIABILITIES AND THE BUSINESS ENTITY CONCEPT 1. The business as a separate entity Capital: (equity in the context of company) residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all its liability. THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2. What is the accounting equation Accounting equation: ASSETS = CAPITAL + LIABILITIES In other words: the rule that the assets of a business will at all time equal its liabilities plus capital (balance sheet equation) 10 10 2.
THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2. Assets = capital + liabilities Worked examples p. THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2. Assets = capital + liabilities Historical cost: transactions are recorded at their cost when they were incurred 12 12 4 4 2.
THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2. Where do profits/losses fit into the accounting equation? Worked example p.41: Assets = capital + profit Profit: the excess of income over expenses Loss: the excess of expenses over income 13 13 2. THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2. Where do profits/losses fit into the accounting equation? Income: Increases in economic benefits over a period in the form of inflows or increases of assets, or decreases of liabilities, resulting in increases in equity/capital (CF).
It can include both revenue and gains Expenses: Decreases in economic benefits over a period in the form of outflows or depletion of assets, or increases in liabilities, resulting in decreases in equity/capital (CF). THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2. Appropriation of profits: sole trader drawings Drawings: Money and goods taken out of a business by its owner (Important: withdrawals or appropriations of profit and not as expenses) Worked example p. THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION 2.
Appropriation of profits: sole trader drawings Drawings: Money and goods taken out of a business by its owner (Note: withdrawals or appropriations of profit and not as expenses) Worked example p.39 (S/M) £ Net profit earned by the business 250 Less profit withdrawn by Liza (180) Net profit retained in the business 70 16 16 3. Trade payables Creditor: Person to whom a business owes money (A trade creditor is a person to whom a business owes money for trading debts) Trade payables: The amounts due to credit suppliers 17 17 3. Trade receivables Debtor: Person who owes money to the business Trade receivables: The amounts owed by credit customers Worked example p. Accruals concept The accruals (or matching) concept requires that income earned is matched with the expenses incurred in earning it (*) 19 19 3.
Accruals concept Interactive question 2: How would each of these transactions affect the accounting equation in terms of increase or decrease in asset, capital or liability? (a) Purchasing £800 worth of goods on credit (b) Paying the telephone bill £25 (c) Selling £450 worth of goods for £650 (d) Paying £800 to a supplier 20 20 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. What is a statement of financial position? The business's SFP shows its financial position at a given moment in time. 03 key elements of SFP: liabilities, capital and assets A SFP is very similar to the accounting equation - 02 differences: The manner or format The extra detail in SFP Net assets: Assets less liabilities 21 21 7 7 4.
THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. What is a statement of financial position? (In accordance to IAS 1, Presentation of F/Ss) Name of business Statement of financial position as at (date) £ Assets (item by item) X Capital X Liabilities X X 22 22 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Capital (Sole trader) Capital is usually analysed into its component parts.
THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Capital (Sole trader) 'Brought forward' means that the amount is brought forward from the previous period. ‘Carried forward' means carried forward to the next period. The carried forward amount at the end of one period is therefore the brought forward amount of the next period 24 24 8 8 4.
THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Equity (company) The capital or equity side of a company's statement of financial position is more complicated than a sole trader's. We shall look at it in detail in Chapter 11 25 25 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4.
Liabilities IAS 1 requires distinction between non-current liabilities and current liabilities Current liabilities are debts which are payable within one year Non-current liabilities are debts which are payable after one year 26 26 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Liabilities Examples of non-current liabilities: Loans which are not repayable for more than one year, such as a bank loan or a loan from an individual to a business. Loan stock or debentures 27 27 9 9 4.
THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Liabilities Examples of current liabilities: Loans repayable w/i one year, incl. the element of a long term loan that is repayable w/i one year. A bank overdraft Trade payables Other payables Taxation payable to HMRC with respect to CT Accruals.
THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Assets IAS 1 requires distinction between non-current assets and current assets Non-current assets are acquired for long-term use within the business. They are normally valued at cost less accumulated depreciation. Current assets are expected to be converted into cash within one year 29 29 4.
THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Non-current assets Components of non-current assets Property, plant and equipment (PPE) (ie, 'Tangible' assets) Intangible non-current assets (patent, goodwill) Long-term investments 30 30 10 10 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Non-current assets Important: to be classed as a non-current asset, an item must satisfy two conditions: It must be used by the business.
For example, the owner's own house would not normally appear on the business statement of financial position. The asset must have a 'life' in use of more than one reporting period or year 31 31 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Non-current assets and depreciation Non-current assets are held and used by a business for a number of years, but they wear out or lose their usefulness in the course of time.
Every tangible non- current asset has a limited life. The only exception is freehold land, although this too can be exhausted if it is used by extractive industries (eg, mining). THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Non-current assets and depreciation The FSs of a business reflect that the cost of a non-current asset is gradually consumed as the asset wears out.
This is done by gradually 'writing off' the asset's cost in the statement of profit or loss over several reporting periods. For example, in the case of a machine costing £1,000 and expected to wear out after ten years, it is appropriate to reduce the value in the statement of financial position by £100 each year. This process is known as depreciation. If a statement of financial position were drawn up four years after the asset was purchased, the amount of depreciation accumulated over four years would be 4 × £100 = £400.
The machine would then appear in the statement of financial position as follows. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Non-current assets and depreciation £ Machine at original cost 1,000 Less accumulated depreciation (400) Carrying amount * 600 * ie, the value of the asset in the books of account, net of accumulated depreciation. After ten years the asset would be fully depreciated and would appear in the statement of financial position with a carrying amount of zero.
The amount that is written off over time does not have to be the full cost of the asset if it is expected to have a resale – or 'residual' – value at the end of its useful life 34 34 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Non-current assets and depreciation Interactive question 3: Residual value Suppose a business buys a car for £10,000. It expects to keep the car for three years and then to sell it for £3,400.
How much depreciation should be accounted for in each year of the car's useful life? 35 35 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Current assets Current asset: An asset is current when it is expected to be realised in, or intended for sale or consumption in, the entity's normal operating cycle, or it is held for being traded, or it is expected to be realised within 12 months of the date of the statement of financial position, or it is cash or a cash equivalent. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4.
Current assets Worked example p. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION Interactive question 4: Asset classification Identify which of the following assets falls into the non- current category and which should be treated as current. Could any be treated as either? Asset Business Current or non-current Van Delivery firm Machine Manufacturing company Car Car trader Investment Any 38 38 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION Interactive question 4: Asset classification IMPORTANT!!! The distinction between a non-current asset and a current asset is not what the asset is physically, but for what purpose it is obtained and used by the business.
Further discussion: what a bout a building? 39 39 13 13 4. THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4. Current assets There are some other categories of current asset. Short term investments.
THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 4.Trade and other receivables A receivable can be due from anyone who owes the business money Two types of receivable. Trade receivables represent customers who owe money for goods or services bought on credit in the course of the trading activities Other receivables are due from anyone else owing money to the business, (*) 41 41 5. PREPARING THE SFP 5. How is a basic statement of financial position prepared? Worked example: Statement of financial position (p.
PREPARING THE SFP 5. How is a basic statement of financial position prepared? Worked example: Statement of financial position (p.50) Interactive question 5: Preparing a statement of financial position p. THE STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS 6. What is the statement of profit or loss? Gross profit = revenue from sales, less cost of sales Profit for the period (ie.
Net profit) = gross profit less expenses plus non-trading income 44 44 6. THE STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS 6. What is the statement of profit or loss?