VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY -------------------- PHAM DANG CO THE UTILIZATION OF BLACK LIQUOR GENERATED IN THE CELLULOSE PRODUCTION IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CARBON-BASED MATERIALS TỔNG HỢP VẬT LIỆU CACBON TỪ DỊCH ĐEN TRONG QUÁ TRÌNH SẢN XUẤT CELLULOSE TỪ RƠM RẠ Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8520301 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, January 2024 This research was conducted at: Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT). Le Thi Kim Phung Examiner 1: Assoc. Nguyen Truong Son Examiner 2: Dr. Tran Phuoc Nhat Uyen This master’s thesis is defended at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM on January 20th, 2024.
Master’s Thesis Committee: 1. Nguyen Thi Phuong Phong 2. Nguyen Truong Son 3. Tran Phuoc Nhat Uyen 4.
Tran Tan Viet 5. Le Vu Ha Approval of the Chairman of the Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis was corrected. CHAIRMAN OF DEAN OF FACULTY OF THESIS COMMITTEE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independence – Freedom – Happiness ─────────────────────────────── ────────────────── APPROVAL OF MASTER’S DISSERTATION Full name: PHAM DANG CO Student ID: 2270118 Day of birth: 29/09/1999 Place of birth: Ben Tre City Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8520301 1. Name of dissertation In English: The utilization of black liquor generated in the cellulose production in the synthesis of carbon-based materials In Vietnamese: Tổng hợp vật liệu cacbon từ dịch đen trong quá trình sản xuất cellulose từ rơm rạ 2.
Dissertation objectives: Phase 1: - Synthesis and characterization of carbonized lignin-silica hybrids (CLS); Investigation into the effect of pH value (3 and 9) on the electrochemical behavior of CLS samples as an anode of lithium-ion battery. - Synthesis chẩcterization of carbonized MFC aerogel (C-MFCA); Investigation of the electrochemical behavior of CLS samples as an anode of lithium-ion battery. Phase 2: - Fabrication and characterization of lignin/chitosan film with different lignin content; Evaluation of the UV blocking, antioxidant performance, and antibacterial activity of lignin/chitosan film. Start date: 4th September, 2023 4.
Finish date: 4th January, 2024 5. Le Thi Kim Phung Ho Chi Minh City, January 11th 2024 SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PGS. Lê Thị Kim Phụng PGS. Lê Thị Kim Phụng DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to deliver many thanks to Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, and especially Refinery and Petrochemical Technology Research Center (RPTC) for creating such precious opportunities for me to take my thesis project.
Most importantly, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung, who always wholeheartedly supports me not only in terms of academic issues but also with her thoughtful encouragement. Even though there were several times that I squeezed her last drop of patience, she would still help me to work on my problems in such a moderate manner. Moreover, I would also like to send my thankfulness to PhD student Le Minh Tan and PhD student Do Nguyen Hoang Nga, the kind and passionate researchers, who were always ready to answer my chemistry questions.
More than knowledge or surprising gifts, the “things” you two lied in me were the positive change in awareness, skills as well as heartfelt appreciation. Although there were countless moments for me to feel grateful about during the thesis period, the occasion to know and work with my team was the most priceless. Thanks to you all, Boi Tuyen, Thanh Viet, and Trang Nhi, my senior year was full of memorial stories. Each member left in me deep impressions with a very special sensation.
Last but not least, I would like to say my biggest thanks to my wife and my family, who always supported me in various aspects and have been my most reliable foundation. Pham Dang Co ii ABSTRACT Nowadays, the necessity of sustainable development in manufacturing is increasingly emphasized. In this setting, value-added byproducts from agriculture, waste-free processes, and efficient utilization of raw materials are considered to play a crucial role. Inspired by previous research on rice-straw-generated cellulose and the utilization of black liquor, this work focused on the extreme exploitation of rice straw for the production of various valuable materials.
The first stage was the production of micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) from straw, which was further synthesized into MFC aerogel carbon material applied in the anode of lithium-ion batteries. The second stage was the utilization of black liquor generated from stage one in the production of lignin-silica carbon material (CLS), which was also used for anode fabrication. The last stage was the extraction of lignin from the black liquor after stage two. This material was then combined with chitosan to produce food preservation film.
The results indicate that with a structure comprising carbon acting as a buffer layer and silica particles, CLS showed significant potential in synthesizing lithium-ion battery anode, possessing a specific charge capacity of 1668 mAh/g in the first cycle and maintaining stability at around 328 mAh/g after 100 cycles. Although demonstrating notable properties, the MFC aerogel carbon material only achieved a specific charge capacity of 258 mAh/g with equivalent Coulombic efficiency. In the field of food preservation, the obtained lignin/chitosan film exhibited 100% UV blocking, over 90% DPPH scavenging, and great antibacterial properties against E. Based on these results, it could be concluded that alongside cellulose, secondary products such as lignin-silica could also be considered as prospective candidates to be applied in energy storage systems and food preservation issues.
iii TÓM TẮT Ngày nay, sự cần thiết của phát triển bền vững trong sản xuất đang ngày càng được coi trọng. Trong bối cảnh này, việc tăng giá trị của các phụ phẩm từ nông nghiệp, phát triển các quy trình không phát thải hay việc tận dụng triệt để nguồn nguyên liệu đóng vai trò rất quan trọng. Dựa trên các nghiên cứu trước đây về việc sản xuất cellulose từ rơm rạ và việc tận dụng dịch đen, luận văn này tập trung vào việc khai thác triệt để nguồn nguyên liệu rơm rạ trong việc sản xuất nhiều vật liệu giá trị khác nhau. Giai đoạn đầu tiên là sản xuất micro-cellulose (MFC) từ rơm, tiếp tục phát triển từ vật liệu này thành vật liệu carbon MFC aerogel, ứng dụng trong chế tạo cực âm của pin lithium-ion.
Giai đoạn thứ hai là quá trình sản xuất vật liệu carbon lignin- silica (CLS) sử dụng dịch đen từ giai đoạn một, vật liệu này cũng được sử dụng trong sản xuất điện cực. Giai đoạn cuối cùng là chiết tách lignin từ dịch đen của giai đoạn hai. Vật liệu này sau đó được kết hợp với chitosan để sản xuất màng bảo quản thực phẩm. Kết quả cho thấy với cấu trúc bao gồm nền carbon và các hạt silica, vật liệu carbon lignin-silica (CLS) đã thể hiện được những tiềm năng nổi bật trong việc tổng hợp cực âm pin lithium khi dung lượng nạp riêng đạt 1668 mAh/g trong chu kỳ đầu tiên và ổn định ở khoảng 328 mAh/g sau 100 chu kỳ.
Dù cũng cho thấy những tính chất đáng chú ý, nhưng vật liệu carbon MFC aerogel chỉ đạt dung lượng nạp riêng 258 mAh/g nhưng với hiệu suất Coulomb tương đương. Trong lĩnh vực màng bảo quản thực phẩm, màng lignin/chitosan cho thấy khảng năng chống 100% tia UV, kháng DPPH trên 90% cùng khả năng kháng khuẩn E. Coli và nấm C. Từ những kết quả trên, bên cạnh cellulose, các sản phẩm phụ như lignin-silica cũng thể hiện khả năng ứng dụng tốt trong việc tiếp cận các vấn đề năng lượng và bảo quản thực phẩm.
iv GUARANTEE I hereby declare that I am the sole individual who was responsible for the workload in this thesis, under the supervision of Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung, at Refinery and Petrochemical Technology Research Center (RPTC), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM. The data and experimental results in this thesis were completely authentic and have not been published in any other dissertations of the same academic level. If the above declaration is not true, I will take full responsibility for my thesis.
Ho Chi Minh City, January 2024 Author Pham Dang Co v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --------------------------------------------------------------- i ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ii TÓM TẮT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii GUARANTEE --------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ----------------------------------------------------------------v LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------- viii LIST OF SCHEMES -------------------------------------------------------------------- xi LIST OF TABLES ---------------------------------------------------------------------- xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -------------------------------------------------------- xiii CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW --------------------------------------------1 1. Rice straw and its agricultural advantages -----------------------------------1 1. Properties of rice straw -------------------------------------------------------1 1. Black liquor and lignin-silica composite from rice straw ------------------6 1.
Black liquor from rice straw -------------------------------------------------6 1. Lignin-silica composite from black liquor---------------------------------9 1. Carbon materials derived from lignin ------------------------------------ 12 1. Introduction of micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) ------------------------ 16 1.
Micro-fibrillated cellulose ------------------------------------------------- 16 1. The fabrication process ----------------------------------------------------- 18 1. Lignin and cellulose-based electrodes -------------------------------------- 24 1. Working mechanism of lithium-ion batteries --------------------------- 24 vi 1.
Lignin-based electrodes ---------------------------------------------------- 25 1. Cellulose-based electrodes ------------------------------------------------- 29 1. Application of lignin in food preservation --------------------------------- 32 1. Superior properties of lignin in food packaging film ------------------ 32 1.
Chitosan-lignin composite in food packaging film --------------------- 36 1. Motivations and objectives --------------------------------------------------- 40 CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL SECTION ------------------------------------- 41 2. Materials and Instrumentations -------------------------------------------------- 42 2. The synthesis of lignin-silica hybrid and carbon material derived from lignin-silica hybrid --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 2.
The fabrication of carbonized micro-fibrillated cellulose aerogel (C- MFCA) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 2. Preparation of lignin/chitosan film -------------------------------------------- 48 CHAPTER 3: PERFORMANCE OF CELLULOSE AND LIGNIN-BASED MATERIALS IN THE ANODE OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY--------------------- 50 3. Structural characteristics of carbon materials---------------------------------- 50 3. Characterization of carbonized lignin-silica (CLS) ------------------------- 50 3.
Characterization of carbon micro-fibrillated cellulose aerogel (C-MFCA) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 vii 3. Behavior of CLS samples and carbon aerogel as anode in lithium-ion batteries --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 3. Performance of CLS samples -------------------------------------------------- 60 3. Performance of C-MFCA ------------------------------------------------------ 63 CHAPTER 4: APPLICATION OF LIGNIN/CHITOSAN FILM FOR UV- LIGHT BLOCKING AND ANTIOXIDANT ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ---- 67 4.
Properties of lignin/chitosan film ----------------------------------------------- 67 4. Water vapor permeability ------------------------------------------------------ 72 4. UV blocking, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lignin/chitosan film -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 4. UV blocking and opacity ------------------------------------------------------- 74 4.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity ------------------------------------------ 78 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -------------- 81 5. Recommendations ------------------------------------------------------------- 82 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS------------------------------------------------------------ 84 REFERENCES -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84 SHORT RESUME ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Structure of lignin. Solubility of silica depending on temperature.
Lignin-silica linkage in plant. The mechanism of lignin pyrolysis process. Water phase diagram. FE-SEM images of the developed PF aerogels with different PF concentrations of (a) 0.%, (d) water contact angles of the sample.
Densities and porosities of pineapple leaf fibers aerogel with various fiber concentrations. Electrochemical performance of lignin-based anode and non-lignin-based anode: (a) cycle performance of the lignin-derived carbon anodes and lignin-free anodes, and charge-discharge pro f iles of (b) carbonized cellulose and lignin/cellulose (E-KL/CA-C, E-CA-C) at 50 mA g 1, (c) Si and lignin/Si(Si with lignin-derived carbon composite) at 0.1 A/g, (d) carbonized lignin with/without KOH treatment at 200 mA g 1, and (e) carbonized lignin with/without nitrogen doping 25 mA/g. Cellulose-based electrode materials for Li-Ion batteries (A) cellulose paper lamination technique for free-standing electrode (B) Meyer rod coating technique for CNT attached to commercial cellulose paper (C) Free-standing SnS /carbonized cellulose anode material for LIBs (D) flexible free-standing LTO/CNF/CNT anode paper (E) Plasma modified water-soluble cellulose-based electrodes for stable cycling of aqueous Li-ion batteries (F) 3D printing of NFC + CNTs for stretchable electrode assembly. UV absorption spectra of different chromophores in lignin.
Absorbance at wavelengths 200−800 nm with different lignin concentration %w/w. Chitosan and lignin cross-linking structure .