VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF FINANCE AND BANKING GRADUATION THESIS THE IMPACT OF GEOPOLITICAL RISK ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN EMERGING COUNTRIES Instructor : MSc Cu Nguyen Ha Trang Student : Thai Thi Quynh Nga Student code : 19050703 Class : QH 2019E TCNH CLC2 Ha Noi, 2023 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS FACULTY OF FINANCE AND BANKING GRADUATION THESIS THE IMPACT OF GEOPOLITICAL RISK ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN EMERGING COUNTRIES Instructor : MSc Cu Nguyen Ha Trang Student : Thai Thi Quynh Nga Student code : 19050703 Class : QH 2019E TCNH CLC2 Ha Noi, 2023 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I assure you of the dissertation “The impact of geopolitical risk on the performance of commercial banks in emerging countries” is my independent research paper under the guidance of MSc Trang Cu Nguyen Ha. My research theories are quoted and used from some reference sources that have been cited and captured clearly. The data, software and programs in the lesson are honestly studied and no other products/researches are used in this thesis without being cited in accordance with the regulations. I am completely responsible to the Department, Faculty and the school for this guarantee! Ha Noi, 2023 Student Thai Thi Quynh Nga TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS CATEGORIES OF ACRONYMS TABLES CATALOGUE CHAPTER 1.
The urgency Of the topic. Research Oj€CÏV€. Research objects and SCOD€. Overview of data and research methodology.
Contribution Of res€arCH. Structure Of the Study .ccccscsssssssessssssssseessseseesseeeseeeeseeseseeeseseeeeseeneeeeseeseeeees 4 CHAPTER II.----5- «se skesesesesksksirtrrererrrrirrrrsrsrsiee 19 CHAPTER II. Research model and hypothi€SÌÏS. Research variaÌÏlS.cceesesesiesesiksksiinirirntnsrsinsisisiinsnnisnanrsnsinsrsntrasrsssas CHAPTER IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4. căng RRRTRRRERSESESESERRREREESESESESESSIESESESESiisrt 39 CATEGORIES OF ACRONYMS EM Emerging market ETA Equity to total assets FEM Fixed impact method GDP Gross domestic product GPR Geopolitic Risk GPRC Geopolitical Risk of Country INF Inflation LTA Loan to assets MENA Middle East and North Africa NIM Net Interest Margin OCA Operating cost ratio OLS Ordinary Least Squares REM Random impact method ROA Return on total assets TABLES CATALOGUE Table 3. Summary of variables Table 4. Summary statistics Table 4.
Correlation Matrix Table 4. OLS, FEM, REM regressions Table 4. F-Test of FEM model Table 4. Breusch - Pagan Lagrangian Test Table 4.
Hausman Test CHAPTER 1. The urgency of the topic Since the 1990s, while investigating the sources of development differences between developed and developing countries, attention has been increasingly focused on political and institutional factors. In the studies to investigate the impacts of political variables on the development differences among countries, the first variable to be considered was the type of political regime. In a sense, the most important reason why democracy is used as a variable or criterion in explaining the development gap is that strong institutions are effective in economic development and that strong institutions are seen as identical with democracy.
However, upon examining the literature, a definite judgment has not been reached on the relationship between the type of political regime and economic performance. This situation has revealed the pursuit of other political variables that may be effective on economic variables. As a result, the variable of political instability has begun to be used in the literature. Therefore, the stability of the said regime type has come to the forefront rather than the current political regime type.
Economic units do not only take their economic decisions according to the current situation, but also take into account future conditions and expectations. Therefore, the continuity of the economic development process depends on the long-term horizons of the entrepreneurs to see the future and the high probability of realization of their predictions. One of the main factors determining this is the stability in the political variables that determine the economic activity and form the institutional framework. The existence of political stability in an economy enables entrepreneurs to enhance their capabilities of predicting the future.
So, the continuity of economic stability emerges depending on political stability. From this point of view, political instability is closely related to the whole economy and therefore the banking sector. Political instability increases the political uncertainty in the country, which increases the political risk. This situation affects the country's economies by being effective on both financial and real economic variables.
In this context, the banking sector is also exposed to effects from the supply side and the demand side. Because the rise in the risk increases the interest rates, which increases the costs of the banks, however, the rise in the interest rates increases the credit costs and decreases the credit demands of the economic units. Political uncertainty has direct or indirect effects on economic and social matters, especially on economic development for instance, when the United Kingdom considered separating from the European Union. A decline followed this political situation in the GDP of the United Kingdom at around 0.6 percent, which was the lowest GDP of the country for 15 years (Shankleman and Ross, 2018).
Luangaramand Sethapramote (2018) study the effect of political uncertainty in Thailand, they state that there has been a dramatic increase in the amount of political uncertainty from 2006 to 2019. Unsurprisingly, the increasing amount of uncertainty has led to the fluctuation of the Thailand economy and then negatively influenced the country’s economic growth rate. By creating political instability, political uncertainty, and risk, this has an impact on the economies of countries by limiting the future horizons of economic units. And with the role of financial intermediaries and currency circulation, the operation of the banking system plays a very important role in the increasing the economic efficiency of counties.
And whether geopolitical risks will affect the performance of the banking system. One of the special political factors, which affects the economy, is the risk of geopolitical geopolitical. Moreover, banks could increase loan prices in response to increased asymmetric information between lenders and_ borrowers. Cuculiza et al.
(2020) report that geopolitical risk can negatively affect analysts’ sentiment and result in inaccurate forecasts. This deteriorates information intermediaries and the information dissemination process in financial markets. However, the possible impact of geopolitical risks on bank performance in seems to have been overlooked in previous studies, which only studied the impact of geopolitical risks on relevant bank indicators. Therefore, we still do not know how to quantify how geopolitical risks affect the performance of banks.
We need more empirical studies to supplement our knowledge on this issue. To address these questions, this study is conducted, focusing on 18 emerging economies in different continents from 2010 to 2021 in order to examine the impact of geopolitical risk on bank performance. Research objective — The study assesses the impact of geopolitical risks on the performance of banks in 17 countries with emerging economies. — The study fills the research gap on geopolitical risks and their impact on bank performance.
Research objects and scope 1. Research objects — Theimpact of geopolitical risk on bank performance in emerning countries 1. Research scope — Content scope: analyzing the impact of geopolitical risk on bank performance. — Space scope: the study was conducted in 17 countries with emerging economies globally — Time scope: research data is taken from audited financial statements of listed banks of 17 emerging economies from 2010 to 2021.
Research questions — Does geopolitical risks influence the performance of listed banks in emerging economies? 1. Overview of data and research methodology — Data: The study mainly uses secondary data of commercial banks published in the audited financial statements during the period from 2010 to 2021 collected from Refinitiv database of banks listed on 17 countries with emerging economies in the world. Besides, the topic also collects other information through relevant articles, journals, research topics at home and abroad. — Methods: The study uses descriptive statistics, data processing and econometric models on Stata software to give objective results.
Contribution of research — Filling the research gap by providing empirical evidence on the impact of geopolitical risk on the performance of banks. — From empirical research, the study makes’ suggestions and recommendations for listed banks to improve performance of banks. Structure of the study The research includes 5 parts: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature review Chapter 3: Research methods Chapter 4: Results and discussion Chapter 5: Conclusions CHAPTER II. Geopolitical risk Geopolitical is a multidisciplinary field on the impact of geographical factors on the behavior of countries and international relations (Caldara and lacovilelo, 2018).
Specifically, geopolitical considers factors such as geographical location, climate, natural resources, population, culture, religion, military, trade or terrain affecting the policy the foreign affairs of a country and the position of that country in the international system. The term "geopolitical" was created in the early 20th century by Rudolf Kjellen, a Swedish politician. Kjellen believes that the economic, political and military characteristics of a country stemming from the geographical and environmental factors of that country. These geographical factors can promote or restrain the socio-economic and political development, and contribute to shaping the identity and history of each country.
Kjellen pays special attention to the impact of geographical characteristics such as mountains and oceans on the nation's political life. To measure geopolicial risk and analyzie its impacts on firms and economies, the geopolitical risk index is established (Caldara and lacovilelo, 2018). The Geopolitic Risk (GPR) index is developed by Caldara and Iacovilelo (2018) to find out the impact of terrorist attacks, risks of war and other instability related to geographical and global political environment. For different economic variables, Caldara va Jacoviello construct this index by a measure of adverse geopolitical events and associated risks based on a tally of newspaper articles covering geopolitical tensions, and examine its evolution and economic effects since 1900.
The GPR index spikes around the two world wars, at the beginning of the Korean War, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and after 9/11. Higher geopolitical risk foreshadows lower investment, stock prices, and employment. Higher geopolitical risk is also associated with higher probability of economic disasters and with larger downside risks to the global economy (Alsagr & Stefan, 2020, Alssagr & Almazor, 2020). Entrepreneurs, market participants, and central bank officials view geopolitical risks as key determinants of investment decisions and stock market dynamics (Bloom, 2009).
The Bank of England includes geopolitical risk, together with economic and policy uncertainty, among an “uncertainty trinity” that could have significant adverse economic effects (Carney 2016). In recent years, the European Central Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank have routinely highlighted and monitored the risks to the outlook posed by geopolitical tensions. In 2017, Gallup’s survey of more than 1,000 investors, 75 percent of respondents expressed worries about the economic impact of the various military and diplomatic conflicts happening around the world. Changes in geopolitical risks are associated with heterogeneous effects on firm investment, depending on the industry of operation and on firm-specific risks, the link between geopolitical risk and firm-level activity is significant, economically meaningful, and persistent over time (Caldara & Iacoviello, 2018).
Besides that, Belkhir et al. (2019) determined the negative impact between the main risk treatment and bank operating indicators. Research results of Alsagr and Stefan (2020) also given see significant negative impacts of geopolitical risks to the bank's profitability. Phan et al.
(2021) pointed out when the instability led to an increaselt is difficult for lenders to distinguish good borrowers and bad borrowers, and thus reduce the size of lending,investment and economic efficiency. Compared to the index of economic policy (Baker et al., 2016) and the stock market fluctuation index (Bloom, 2009), the GPR index reflects more accurately the fluctuations of geopolitical events Related, for example, the killing of Crimea, or instability related to terrorist attacks (Demir et al. Since its inception, this index has received the attention of many researchers because it has a strong impact on economic variables at both macro and micro levels. A number of domestic and foreign studies have focused on geopolitical risks to stock prices (Alsagr & Almazor, 2020), Cash holding policy (Kotcharin & Maneenop, 2020; Wang et al.