MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING CAPSTONE PROJECT FOOD TECHNOLOGY SOFT CHEESE PRODUCTION USING CITRIC ACID AND RENNET AS COAGULANTS LECTURER: PhD. PHAM THI HOAN STUDENT: PHAN NGUYEN NGOC KHANH LE THI NGOC YEN SKL 0 0 8 4 4 3 Ho Chi Minh City, December, 2021 HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION FACULTY OF HIGH QUALITY TRAINING GRADUATION THESIS CODE: 2021-17116013 SOFT CHEESE PRODUCTION USING CITRIC ACID AND RENNET AS COAGULANTS Advisor: PhD. PHAM THI HOAN Student: PHAN NGUYEN NGOC KHANH Student ID: 17116013 LE THI NGOC YEN 17116045 HO CHI MINH CITY - 12/2021 i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all of the lectures at Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education in general and lecturers at the Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology especially. We gained valuable knowledge and skills regarding Food Technology throughout our four years at the school.
We would like to express our appreciation to PhD. Pham Thi Hoan - lecturer at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education. She was always enthusiastic in her support and teaching us, mentoring and imparting knowledge and experiences from the idea to the completed graduation thesis. We are truly grateful for that, and we will keep her teaching in mind.
We would like to show our thanks to Ms Ho Thi Thu Trang, consultant in charge of the Department of Food Technology laboratories and workshops. She had been supportive and helpful with tools, machinery and equipment during our experimental research process. We also would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to the instructors in charge of Food Technology workshop 1, workshop 3, Microbiology laboratory, Biochemistry laboratory and Sensory laboratory who created an ideal environment for us to complete this project. We are very grateful to everyone who made my experience at Ho Chi Minh University of Technology and Education very positive and enjoyable; this experience would not have been possible without my friends, family, fellow students and mentors.
This project has been one of the most challenging things we have done, but also one of the most enjoyable and rewarding. It is impossible to prevent faults while implementing the thesis, so we look forward to hearing your feedback on our thesis. Once again, we gratefully acknowledge you and wish you all the best. Best regards! iii iv v vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii xiv xv TABLE OF CONTENT GRADUATION PROJECT ASSIGNMENT.
Error! Bookmark not defined. iv TABLE OF CONTENT. v LIST OF ACRONYMS. xix LIST OF FIGURES.
xx LIST OF TABLES. xxii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. The study scientific imperative. Objectives and tasks of the study.
3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Cheese and soft cheese overview. Soft cheese classification. Chemical compositions of some soft cheese varieties.
Soft cheese procedure. Cheese production and consumption in Vietnam. Ingredients of cheese manufacturing. Skim milk powder.
Casein coagulated mechanism. Casein coagulation types in soft cheese manufacturing. Citric acid applications. Types of rennet or coagulants.
Mechanism of gel formation during combined acidification and renneting. Primary enzymatic phase. 26 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS. Materials, chemicals and equipment.
Soft cheese manufacturing. Experiment 1: The effect of citric acid concentration on protein coagulation. Experiment 2: The effect of incubation temperature on protein coagulation. Experiment 3: The effect of rennet concentration on protein coagulation.
Cheese solid yield. Cheese acidity determination. Color space measurement. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method.
Determination of chemical compounds. 44 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Milk powder’s chemical components. The effect of citric acid and rennet on soft cheese quality.
The effect of pH renneting on soft cheese criteria. The influence of incubation temperature on soft cheese criteria. The effect of rennet concentration of soft cheese criteria. Soft cheese technological process.
Soft cheese quality evaluation. Chemical compositions of soft cheese. Microstructure observation of soft cheese. Sensory evaluation of soft cheese.
Evaluation the quality properties of soft cheese during the storage period. 65 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 10 xviii LIST OF ACRONYMS CCP Colloidal calcium phosphate COA Certificate of Analysis CSY Cheese solid yield ISO International Organization for Standardization GMO Genetically Modified Organisms H Cheese yield TCVN Vietnamese standard TScheese Total solid in cheese TSwhey Total solid in whey xix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. The general procedure of soft cheese.
Cheese company share. Fresh/ soft cheese varieties classified through methods of coagulation. Description of gel formation during combined acidification and renneting. Summary of the rennet coagulation of milk.
The primary phase involves enzymatic hydrolysis of κ – casein, while the secondary phase involves aggregation of the rennet- altered (para – casein) micelles into a three-dimensional gel network (coagulum). The flowchart of soft cheese production coagulated by rennet and citric acid. Schematic of cheese curd pressing apparatus. The cylindrical draining mold (left) and the 1-kg cylindrical block.
Texture analysis layout of soft cheese samples. Preparation of soft cheese sample for sensory evaluation. The effect of citric acid concentration on soft cheese quality criteria (A: changes of cheese yield and TSwhey; B: changes of TS cheese and CSY). The influence of coagulation temperature on soft cheese criteria (A: changes of cheese yield and TSwhey; B: changes of TScheese and CSY).
The flowchart of soft cheese production using acid and rennet as coagulants. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of soft cheese. (A) RS; (B) CS and (C) Low-fat cottage cheese. Scale bars within the images obtained using x2000 and x5000 magnification are 20 and 10 𝛍m in length, respectively.
Cheese sample during 28 days of storage. Percentage of separated whey from soft cheese during storage period. Change of titratable acidity of cheese samples during storage. 64 xx LIST OF TABLES Table 2.
Soft cheese classification. Chemical composition of some cheese varieties. Top commonplace cheese producers in Vietnam. Chemical compositions of fresh bovine milk.
Chemical components of milk powder vary (calculated on %). Protein compositions of bovine milk. Rennet – coagulated soft cheese and ripened cheese comparison. Acid citric applications in food and beverage industry.
Enzyme coagulants varieties of milk. Compositions of skim milk powder. Compositions of whipping cream powder. Parameters and setting values of Brookfield CT3 Texture Analyzer.
Chemical compositions of skim milk powder. The effect of citric acid concentration on cheese texture. Influence of coagulation temperature on texture properties. The influence of enzyme concentration on quality of soft cheese.
Chemical compositions of some varieties of soft cheese. Color change of cheese samples during storage. Textual properties of cheese samples change during storage. 65 xxi ABSTRACT Cheese is a nutritious dairy product with a wide range of flavours, textures and forms.
However, cheese is not very popular in Vietnam, and most of the cheese is imported from foreign countries. The research “Soft cheese production using citric acid and rennet as coagulants” was done in order to develop a soft cheese that is appropriate for domestic dairy production and it added a new product for cheese category of Vietnam market. The soft cheese was made from recombined milk and coagulated by a combination of citric and rennet. To develop the soft cheese, we first examined the effect of pH on casein coagulation.
Next, we evaluated the effect of rennet on casein coagulation. Finally, we evaluated the quality of soft cheese and how its quality properties change during 28 days of storage. Analytical results showed that at condition of pH ≈ 5.1% citric acid) of casein coagulation the obtained soft cheese had a high yield (19.23%), total solid content (TScheese) and cheese solid yield (CSY) of 37. Soft cheese incubated at 37℃ with 0.025% (77 μL) rennet had the high yield (20.74%), total solid of 36.51% and cheese solid yield of 50.
Regarding the results of sensory analysis, rennet – coagulated cheese (tested sample) was highly evaluated than acid-coagulated cheese (control sample). Analytical results of quality changes during storage (28 days) showed that, tested cheese was firmer than control sample. Their colour can be recognized easily. Scanning electronic micrographs (SEM) showed that the network structure of the tested cheese was more uniform.
Additionally, chemical compositions and microbiological criteria of the research cheese were also determined. The results conducted that the cheese quality met QCVN 5-3:2010/BYT (Vietnamese technical regulation for cheese products). From these results, it can be concluded that rennet – coagulated soft cheese can be produced in Vietnam to diversify the cheese products in the marketplace and met domestic’s demand. xxii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.
The study scientific imperative The Vietnam government has also launched a project that meets 40% of domestic fresh milk demand (1.4 million litres of milk) in 2025 (Bộ Công thương, 2010). The Vietnam dairy industry has decided to modernize dairy cow farms and improve raw milk productivity to meet local dairy demand. Raw milk materials for dairy products are mostly purchased from small-scale farmers; however, 20 – 50% of the milk from small – scale suppliers did not meet the quality requirement (according to the Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development). Thus, Vinamilk and other local dairy companies began investing in dairy farms and importing cows to Vietnam to ramp up production in 2007.
For example, Vinamilk built 12 International standard farms across the country, with 130000 total dairy cows and 950 – 1000 tons of raw fresh milk per day (Vinamilk, 2012). Despite those positive signs, milk domestically production has still been insufficient to meet the growing demand. Locally produced milk meets approximately 80% of the drinking milk production and 35% of milk domestic consumption demand. Generally, Vietnam does not have favorable conditions for the dairy industry due to the tropical climate, limited land and undeveloped technologies.
Therefore, exported milk serves as an input to ensure a stable product supply in dairy processing. Compared to milk and other dairy products, cheese is a higher content of protein which is a good source of nutrients for the human daily diet. Currently, dairy consumption in Vietnam has significantly increased because of the increasing concern for health and nutrition. However, domestic milk does not provide enough the amount of milk for cheese production.
Processed cheese and imported cheese are the cheese that is familiar to Vietnamese consumers. Processed cheese is natural cheese mixed with non – cheese ingredients such as salt, preservatives, emulsifiers to enhance the texture and flavour of the cheese; therefore, processed cheese is less nutritious than natural cheese. In terms of imported cheese, the large amount of imported cheese is hard cheese varieties. Hard cheese is low moisture content, as it is easy to transport and store in tropical regions like Vietnam.
Compared to hard cheese, soft cheese is rich in protein, and it has lower fat content appropriate for everyone, especially for the elderly, children and those on a diet. Besides, soft cheese is well – suited to being processed into cheese preparations or various dishes 1 such as cheesecakes, sauces, desserts. Despite its short shelf – life, there are not many choices of imported soft cheese in the Vietnam market. Soft cheese is mainly divided based on the coagulation methods: acid – coagulated, acid/ heat coagulated, rennet – coagulated.
Rennet – coagulated soft cheese is firmer than other soft cheese varieties because acid and rennet interaction results in better draining than acid-rennet coagulated soft cheese. The cheese is better draining resulting in a lower moisture content along with firmer curds that leads to improving cheese texture.