MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY ====== M.A THESIS CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN SPORT-RELATED ARTICLES IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ONLINE NEWSPAPER (PHÂN TÍCH DIỄN NGÔN PHÊ PHÁN VỀ NGÔN NGỮ CÓ SỰ BẤT BÌNH ĐẲNG GIỚI TRONG CÁC BÀI BÁO VỀ THỂ THAO TRÊN TỜ BÁO MẠNG THE NEW YORK TIMES ) NGUYEN QUYNH ANH Field: English Language Code: 8. Le Thi Minh Thao Hanoi, 2022 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN SPORT- RELATED ARTICLES IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ONLINE NEWSPAPER submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language. Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis. Hanoi, 2022 Nguyen Quynh Anh Approved by SUPERVISOR Lê Thị Minh Thảo Date:…………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to convey my sincere appreciation to the people who wholeheartedly helped me to accomplish this thesis.
Without their guidance and advice, this paper might not have been completed. Firstly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Le Thi Minh Thao, who has supported, generously given me insightful guidance and valuable feedback during the process of carrying out the thesis, without which this thesis would be far from complete. Secondly, I would also like to express my special thanks to all the lecturers at the English Faculty of Hanoi Open University for their scholarly knowledge, precious lectures and instructions, which helped me complete the final task.
Thirdly, I am indebted to the teachers at the Library Department who facilitated me in browsing and borrowing documents to complete this thesis. Last but not least, I must thank my family, my seniors and lecturers in the faculty for their immeasurable support and continual encouragement they provided me during this period. ii ABSTRACT This study examines the language used by The New York Times online newspaper in the representation of athletes in the coverage of the Olympics 2022. The purpose of this study is to investigate linguistic factors indicating gender inequality in sport-related articles, which can contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality, and based on the results, provide some suggestions to minimize and eliminate the existence of gender biased in their language.
To achieve this purpose, a Critical Discourse Analysis approach is carried out on 116 articles published in The New York Times online newspaper in the coverage of the Olympics 2022. Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework is used to analyze the data. The findings show that all the linguistic items analyzed act as cues to reveal that female athletes are portrayed in a way that promotes gender discrimination, whereby many negative aspects such as limited physical capability, sexualization of female athletes and also underestimating their achievements occur immensely in the newspaper reports analyzed. Female athletes are constructed as inferior on almost all occasions.
It is disheartening to know that despite efforts taken by government and non-government organizations to address discrimination and inequalities in sports, gender discrimination still exists. More strategies must be taken to address the biased portrayal of women athletes in the media, especially online newspaper. So, the press must be more transparent in the reporting of news and stop the stereotypical representation of women in sports. Attention should be paid not only to reducing the sexualized representation, marketing and promotion of women’s sport, but also to changing the dominant stereotypical gender images to reflect the progress towards gender equality in sports.
Keywords: Gender inequality, Olympic Games 2022, The New York Times, online newspaper, critical discourse analysis, sport-related articles. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CDA Critical Discourse Analysis EFL English as a Foreign Language ELT English Language Teaching ESL English as a Second Language LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Interpretation stage (Fairclough, 2001) Figure 2: Explanation stage (Fairclough, 2001) LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix I: The articles’ news iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Aims and objectives of the study 1 1. Methods of the study 2 1.
Scope of the study 3 1. Significance of the study 3 1. Structure of the study 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2. Review of previous studies 5 2.
Studies of sexism in the world 5 2. Studies of sexism in Vietnam 11 2. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 14 2. Language and gender 23 2.
Linguistics markers of gender bias 32 2. Summary 36 CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY IN SPORT- 37 RELATED ARTICLES IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ONLINE NEWSPAPER 3. Gender inequality in language describing athletes 43 3. Some suggestions to minimize gender-biased language in 46 sport-related articles 3.
Summary 48 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION 49 4. Limitation of the study 54 4. Recommendations and suggestions for further research 54 REFERENCES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale It is noticeably noted that CDA seeks to describe language and offers critical resources to those wishing to resist various forms of power.
With its success in discerning the relationship between language and power in a wide range of contexts, CDA is attracting the growing interest of numerous worldwide language researchers. Language is one of the greatest inventions that humans have ever made. It has long been considered a communication tool that people use to express their wills, feelings and attitudes towards the world. By this way, language is a social phenomenon.
“From CDA’s perspective, language is said to be a part of society, social practice and a socially- conditioned process” (Fairclough, 2001). Moreover, language has a powerful influence on societal attitudes, thoughts, and perceptions, including gender consciousness and awareness since it is one of the most powerful means through which gender discrimination is perpetrated and reproduced. Gender equality is an important goal not only for Vietnam but also for other nations around the world, also being one of the criteria for assessing the development of a society. According to the United Nations, gender equality means that women and men enjoy the same conditions to fully realize human rights, and have the opportunity to enjoy and contribute to the achievements of developing countries in terms of politics, economy, society and culture.
However, in reality, gender inequality still takes place in a number of different forms, such as gender-biased language in online newspapers. That is the reason why this study attempts to explore how gender inequality is represented in sport-related articles in The New York Times online newspaper in the coverage of the Olympic Games 2022. Aims and objectives of the study This study expected to investigate linguistic factors indicating gender inequality in sport-related articles in The New York Times online newspaper, which can contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality, and based on the 1 results, provide some suggestions to minimize and eliminate the existence of gender bias in language. The paper is aimed at achieving the following objectives: • To find out how genders are linguistically represented by the media.
• To investigate whether these representations construct gender inequality. Research questions In order to address two objectives, the study is intended to answer two related research questions as follows: 1. How are athletes presented in terms of lexical items in The New York Times online newspaper (nytimes.com) in the coverage of the Olympic Games 2022? 2. To what extent do these gender representations construct gender inequality in sports? 1.
Methods of the study When it comes to the research methods, the study applies a qualitative method to the analysis of the data collected. Data collected are analyzed using the framework of CDA. CDA will be applied to discover the language expressing gender inequality. This study aims to find out how athletes were presented in terms of lexical items in The New York Times (nytimes.com) in the coverage of the Olympic Games 2022 and whether these gender representations construct gender inequality in sports.
Therefore, the study was conducted using qualitative, descriptive methods and analysis. The qualitative approach is collecting and analysing examples to reveal the hidden meaning under those written words and understand the discourse’s implications. With the purpose of answering questions, the qualitative approach serves as the most relevant research method to this paper. Descriptive methodologies are used to accurately and systematically describe a situation or phenomenon to answer these research questions.
Scope of the study Since this thesis aims to identify how athletes were presented in terms of lexical items in sport-related articles in The New York Times (nytimes.com) and whether these gender representations construct gender inequality in sports. Therefore, this study is based on the The New York Time online newspaper data in the coverage of the Olympics 2022. All the data in the study are collected in 2022. Significance of the study This study is expected to investigate lexical items indicating gender inequality in sport-relating articles, which can contribute in studying and elucidating the role of language in gender equality, and based on the results, the writer may provide some suggestions to minimize and eliminate the existence of gender biased in their language.
In addition, the framework adapted by the researcher in this study also seems an effective tool for analysing online newspaper reports. The researcher hopes to provide a replicable methodology to be employed by future researchers who are interested in the field of Critical Discourse Analysis. Structure of the study The study is designed with five chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter gives the rationale, the aims and objectives, research questions, the scope, significance, the method and the design of the study. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter presents an overview of CDA, some main directions in CDA, language and gender, sexism, linguistics markers of gender bias and some related studies.
Chapter 3: Analysis of gender-inequality in sport-related articles in The New York Times online newspaper This chapter focuses on presenting the research findings generated from the process of analyzing texts in The New York Times online newspaper in terms of lexical items as 3 presented in the previous chapter and giving some suggestions to minimize gender- biased language in sport-related articles in the New York Times online newspaper. Chapter 4: Conclusion This chapter briefly summarizes what has been discussed in the previous parts. Furthermore, this chapter also presents the limitations of the research and some suggestions for further studies. References and Appendix come at the end of the study.
4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW In order to fulfill the aims of the thesis, this chapter deals with the literature of the thesis. This chapter starts with the presentation of the review of previous studies of the study, it focuses on the review of previous studies which studies sexism in the world and sexism in Vietnam. Then, the framework of this study which CDA is given. Next, it is the language and gender, sexism, and linguistic markers of gender bias.
Review of previous studies 2. Studies of sexism in the world Language is not merely a means of exchanging information but it is also an important means of establishing and maintaining social relationship with other members of the speech community. Sex-based linguistic variation is an example of the sort of social function that is fulfilled by language. In fact, sex differences are a fundamental fact of sociolinguistic life.
For example, certain forms of language are considered appropriate only for men, and other forms only women can use. In some cases, these differences depend not only on the sex of the addresser, but also on the sex of the addressee. According to Fasold (1990), sex-linked linguistic variation involves the differential use of certain status marking forms by sex. One of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies has been the relationship between sex and language and how it is represented.