VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OFFICE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDY PROGRAMS FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ‒‒‒ ‒‒‒ WATER AND ELECTROLYTES (Na,K,Cl) AND HEALTHY DIET THROUGH ADULTHOOD Subject: Human Nutrition Instructor: Assoc. Võ Đình Lệ Tâm Class: CC02 Group: 04 GROUP MEMBERS No. Student’s name ID 1 Nguyễn Tấn Phúc 1852669 2 Lại Trần Minh Hoàng 1812261 Ho Chi Minh City, December 5th, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures.5 List of Learning Outcomes.6 Chapter 1: WATER AND ELECTROLYTES (Na, K,Cl). Distribution of water inside human body.
Water Intake and Discharge. Restrictions when drinking water mineral water. Functions and Interactions with other nutrients. Absorption and Transport.
Lack of Sodium.1 Causes and Symptoms of Lack.2 Cerebral adaptation to Hyponatremia.3 Neurologic manifestations of Acute Hyponatremia.4 Neurologic manifestations of Chronic Hyponatremia.5 Treatment of Acute Hyponatremia.6 Treatment of Chronic Hyponatremia. Excess of Sodium.1 Hypernatremia and easily affected patients.2 Cerebral adaptation to Hypernatremia. Recommended intake amount of Sodium and Assessment of Nutriture. Functions and Interactions with other nutrients.
Absorption, Secretion and Transport. Lack of Potassium.1 Etiology and Symptoms.2 General diagnostic approach to investigate Hypokalemia.3 Assessment of urinary Potassium excretion to investigate Hypokalemia.4 Assessment of acid base status to investigate Hypokalemia.5 Treatment of Hypokalemia. Excess of Potassium.1 Factors and Symptoms.2 Treatment of Hyperkalemia.3 Prevention and Supportive Treatment of Hyperkalemia.4 Emergency treatment of Hyperkalemia.5 Urgent treatment for Hyperkalemia. Recommended Intake amount of Potassium and Assessment of Nutriture.
Biological role of chloride in human body. Absorption, Secretion and Transport. Recommended Intake amount of Chloride. Chloride in Heat Failure Syndrome.38 Chapter 2: HEALTHY DIET THROUGH ADULTHOOD.
Age-related changes.1 Weight and Body Composition.4 Taste and Smell.6 Vitamins and Minerals. Nutrition-related concerns for older adults.1 Drug-Drug and Drug-Nutrient Interactions.3 Anorexia of Aging.5 Bowel and Bladder Regulation.10 Overweight and Obesity. Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease through Diet and Physical Activity.1 Diet and effects on Cardiovascular outcomes.3 Putting all of them together. Dietary Patterns with fresh fruits and vegetables consumption and quality of sleep among older adults in mainland China.1 Sleep and human health.2 Public health challenges, dietary patterns, and older adults’ sleep disorders in China.3 Materials and methods to analyze.6 Some limitations of the study.
Nutrition and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet and the risk of Coronary Heart Disease in American adults.1 Methods used to analyze. Calcium supplementation in healthy musculoskeletal ageing. Dietary supplement regulations.1 USA dietary supplement regulations.3 Fraudulent products during the COVID-19 outbreak.76 List of figures Figure 1.49 List of Learning Outcomes 6 L.01: Descrine/present/list the main constituent of foods and their role in nutrition and health L.02: Evaluate scientific information (Q ranked papers) L.03: Discuss examples of ethical issues in food science and technology L.04: Communicate scientific ideas through written.
oral and visual means in their native language L.05: Demonstrate the ability to work independently and in teams; teamwork Chapter 1: WATER AND ELECTROLYTES (Na, K,Cl) 7 WATER 1. Distribution of water inside human body (L.01) Approximately two thirds of the volume in human body is water. About 66% of this water is available at the intracellular fluid, it can be found at the cells of every kind of tissue such as blood cells, bone cells, muscle cells and so on. The rest of the water in the body can be found at the extracellular fluid, which is the outer side of the cells.
Not every tissue in the body has the same amount of fluid. For example, the bone contains about 25% water, the liver and kidneys are about 85% water, and the brain and muscle mass are about 75% water. Moreover, lean tissues, such as muscle, has more than 70% fluid. Body fluid levels also vary according to gender and age.
Males have more lean tissue than females and thus a higher percentage of body weight as fluid. The amount of body fluid as a percentage of total weight decreases with age. Water Intake and Discharge (L.1 Water Intake Fluid requirements are highly individualized and depend on body size, age, physical activity, health status, and environmental factors. However, there are some Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) that are introduced for most of the adults aged from 19 to 50.
The Adequate Intake (AI) for fluid is the same for all adults suggest that men should consume 3.7 litre of total water per day, which includes 3.0 litre as total beverages, including drinking water. on the other side, women should consume 2.7 litre of total water per day, which includes 2.2 litre as total beverages, including drinking water. The other sources of fluid that we can consume mostly come from food, which have the amount of fluid from 600 to 800ml. Furthermore, under normal condition, about 200 to 300 ml of water is produced by the metabolic process in our body.2 Water Discharge Water provides the basis for sweat, which is a primary mechanism for removing excessive body heat.
The core temperature of the human body on average is 37°C. For this temperature to remain constant, excessive heat generated through the metabolic operations of deep organs or exercising muscle must be dissipated by conduction, radiation, convection, or evaporation. Evaporation of sweat occurs continually throughout the day and is particularly augmented during exercise. The evaporation of 1 gram of water from the skin surface dissipates 0.
Thus, 1 liter of water evaporation can remove about 580 kilocalories of heat. About 400ml of sweat is excreted out of human body daily. 8 Water also provides the basis of urine, which serves as the primary route of excretion of metabolic waste and regulates the composition of the extracellular fluid. Each human kidney contains about 1,000,000 nephrons.
Collectively, they typically generate approximately 1 to 2 liters of urine daily for adults and relative to fluid intake. Urine is a composite of water, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, and trace amounts of glucose, amino acids, and proteins. However, it lacks plasma proteins and lipoproteins as well as platelets and blood cells. As ultrafiltrate flows through the tubule system, its composition changes and its volume greatly decreases.
In fact, reabsorptive operations reduce the filtered fluid volume by about 99%, or from 180 liters to about 1 to 2 liters. Generally, about 900 to 1200 milliliters of water are lost daily as urine. About 200 milliliters of water are lost daily within feces, about 400 milliliters are lost in mild sweating, and 300 milliliters are lost through exhalation of humidified air. Thus, the daily loss is roughly 1,800 to 2,100 milliliters.
Because mild daily sweating and the exhalation of air humidified by the lungs generally go unnoticed, they, and other minor water-loss mechanisms, such as lacrimal secretions from the eyes, are often referred to as insensible water losses. Mild sweating is often separated from activity-induced sweat; the latter has a higher mineral content and is visually obvious. The amount of water loss by mild sweating is related to body surface area. On average, this process allows a continual removal of excessive body heat, totaling about 250 to 400 kilocalories per day.
Restrictions when drinking water mineral water (L.01) The mineral water is taken from Water flows through geological layers containing certain elements, natural gases or mineral compounds in higher concentrations than normal water. Mineral water contains 250 to 500 parts per million (ppm) of minerals. Many people prefer the unique taste of mineral water; however, a number of brands contain high amounts of sodium and so should be avoided by people who are trying to reduce their sodium intake. Different kinds of mineral water have different salt contents depending on the water sources.
Therefore, consumers need to read the label of these mineral water selling on the marketplace. The role of mineral water is to supply major and minor mineral such as magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, sodium, sulfate and chloride to human who has low level of these ions in the body. However, people with high level of sodium in the body are not advised to drink a great amount of this kind of water, otherwise they will be affected by hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, patients with weak kidneys or children should not use this kind of water at a high frequency because the fact that those minerals will force the kidneys work harder than usual.
To sum up, pure water should not be replaced completely by mineral water. 9 SODIUM The overall sodium content of the body is believed to be around 105 g. The bulk of this sodium (60–70%) is present in extracellular fluid. About 30–40% of body sodium is distributed on the surface of bone, with a significantly lower quantity (less than 10%) found intracellularly, primarily in nerve and muscle tissue.
Sodium accounts for approximately 93% of the cations in bodily fluids. Functions and Interactions with other nutrients (L.01) Sodium is crucial in the body for maintaining osmotic pressure and fluid equilibrium. It also aids in nerve transmission, impulse conduction, and muscle contraction when combined with potassium and calcium. Sodium participates in nerve transmission and muscle contraction as a component of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump present in cell plasma membranes.
An electrochemical potential gradient is created by the exchange of sodium for potassium and the hydrolysis of ATP. Aside from sodium's interactions with potassium and chloride, it has long been known that greater dietary sodium consumption is connected with increased urine calcium excretion. Absorption and Transport (L.01) The small intestine and the proximal section of the colon absorb around 95–100% of sodium. There are three major processes that allow intestinal salt absorption: (a) Na+/glucose (nutrient) cotransporter which functions throughout the small intestine but especially the jejunum A carrier on the brush border membrane of the enterocyte cotransports sodium into the cells together with a solute such as glucose or other nutrients such as amino acids and B vitamins.
They are both released prior to the carrier's return to the cell membrane. Once within the cell, Na+/K+-ATPase pumps Na+ across the basolateral membrane, while glucose departs through facilitated diffusion. The Na+ gradient produced by the Na+/K+- ATPase pump provides the energy required to keep the ion in its absorptive orientation. Na+/glucose cotransport; Adapted from: Gropper, S.
(2018) (b) Electroneutral Na+ and Cl- cotransport exchange transporter which is active in both the small intestine and the colon The Na+/H+ exchange occurs in tandem with the Cl-/HCO3- exchange. This transporter lets Na+ and Cl- enter the cell, where they are exchanged for H+ and HCO3- , respectively, and then exit the cell. The activity of carbonic anhydrase on CO2 generates protons (H +) and HCO3- within the cell. Sodium is then pumped basolaterally, with Cl- diffusing passively.
Electroneutral Na+ and Cl- absorption; Adapted from: Gropper, S. (2018) (c) Electrogenic Na+ absorption The ion's downward concentration gradient causes sodium to diffuse inwards through a Na+ channel in the luminal membrane. Because sodium is absorbed with water and 11 anions, there is net water and electrolyte transfer from the luminal to the basolateral side of the cells. The Na+/K+-ATPase pump pumps sodium across the basolateral membrane, maintaining a low intercellular Na+ concentration and creating the electrical gradient.
Electrogenic Na+ absorption; Adapted from: Gropper, S. (2018) Furthermore, solvent drag, which is related with paracellular water absorption, particularly in the jejunum and ileum, enhances sodium and other electrolyte absorption. Sodium is readily carried in the blood once it has been absorbed by the body. The sodium content in the serum is kept within a relatively tight range (135–145 mEq/L).
Serum sodium concentrations indicate fluid balance, with low amounts (hyponatremia) indicating an excess of fluid in the plasma and high concentrations (hypernatremia) indicating a loss of fluid. Several hormones, including vasopressin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, and natriuretic hormones, control electrolyte and fluid balance, as detailed before in the section on Water (Fluid) and Sodium Balance. Lack of Sodium (L.1 Causes and Symptoms of Lack Sodium deficit is uncommon in the diet due to the presence of the mineral in a wide variety of foods. Excessive sweating, defined as a loss of more than 3% of total body weight, may result in salt shortage.