VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADUATION THESIS STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF BIOSURFACTANT BY STRAIN Pseudomonas USING CRUDE OIL AS SOLE CARBON SOURCE HANOI - 2022 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY GRADUATION THESIS STUDY ON PRODUCTION OF BIOSURFACTANT BY STRAIN Pseudomonas USING CRUDE OIL AS SOLE CARBON SOURCE STUDENT : LE VIET HUNG STUDENT’S CODE : 620391 CLASS : K62CNSHE SUPERVISOR : DR. KIEU THI QUYNH HOA ASSOC. NGUYEN VAN GIANG HANOI – 2022 COMMITMENT I hereby declare that this is my research and completion, the research results presented in the thesis are honest, and objective, and have never been used to present any subject project. I hereby declare that all help in the preparation of this thesis has been thanked, and the sources of information cited in this thesis have been acknowledged.
Hanoi, May 2022 Sincerely Le Viet Hung i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, with deep gratitude, I would like to thank Dr. Kieu Thi Quynh Hoa, Department of Petroleum Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), and Assoc. Nguyen Van Giang, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA) are the person who oriented, guided, and at the same time, helped and created the best conditions to help me complete this thesis. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the staff of the Department of Petroleum Microbiology, IBT, VAST for their enthusiastic support and guidance during the experiment to complete the experiment into a thesis.
At the same time, I would like to thank the teachers of the Department of Microbial Biotechnology, VNUA for imparting valuable knowledge and passion for scientific research. Finally, I would like to sincerely thank my family and friends who have always accompanied, cared for, and encouraged me throughout the whole process of studying, researching, and completing the thesis. Hanoi, May 2022 Sincerely Le Viet Hung ii INDEX COMMITMENT. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
vi LIST OF TABLES .vii LIST OF FIGURES. Purpose and requirements:. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination (PHC). Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the world.
Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in Vietnam. Effects of oil pollution on ecosystems and people. Mechanism of microbial biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Methods applied for treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants.
Classification of biosurfactants. Characterization of biosurfactants. Biosurfactants from microorganisms and their applications. Microbial production of biosurfactants.
Effect of environmental factors on production of biosurfactants. The potential application of biosurfactants. Study on biosurfactant producing microorganisms for petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation. In the world.
Application of Pseudomonas in petroleum hydrocarbon pollution treatment. 19 PART III: MATERIALS AND METHODS. Machines and equipments. Isolation of bacteria using petroleum hydrocarbon as sole carbon source.
Selection of a bacterial strain capable of biosurfactant production with high emulsification activity on petroleum hydrocarbon substrate (crude oil). Identification of the selected bacterial strain. Effect of environmental and culture conditions on biosurfactant production of the selected bacterial strain. Determination of total oil content by gravimetric method.
24 PART IV: RESULTS. Screening of petroleum hydrocarbon (crude oil) utilizing and bio-surfactant producing bacterial strains. Identification of the selected petroleum hydrocarbon utilizing and biosurfactant producing bacterial strain. Morphological characteristics of the DSVK2 strain.
Classification of the DSVK2 strain by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The biosurfactants producing ability on crude oil of the selected bacterial strain. Effect of environmental and culture conditions on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain. Effect of crude oil concentration on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain.
Effect of nitrogen sources on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain. Effect of different concentrations of NH4NO3 on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain. Effect of pH value on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain. Effect of temperature on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain.
Effect of concentrations of NaCl on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain. Effect of bacterial concentrations on biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain. Biodegradation of crude oil of Pseudomonas sp. 45 PART VI: CONCLUSIONS.
50 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Explain APG Alkyl polyglycoside BS Biosurfactants CLP Cyclic Lipopeptide E24 Emulsifying index after 24 hours HC Hydrocarbons IBT Institute of Biotechnology MSM Mineral salt medium PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PHC Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination SEM Scanning electron microscope ST Surface tension TABM Total aerobic bacteria medium TPH Total petroleum hydrocarbon VAST Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology VNUA Vietnam National University of Agriculture vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Large oil spill in the world. Large oil spill in Vietnam. Classification of biosurfactants by microorganisms.
Microorganisms capable of biosurfactant production. Equipment used for research .21 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Mechanism of biodegradation petroleum. Colony morphology of DSVK2 strain on TABM.
Image of DSVK2 strain under scanning electron microscope. Biosurfactant of DSVK2 strain during 18 days of incubation. Biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 during 18 days. Biosurfactant production of DSVK2 strain at different concentrations of crude oil after 12 days incubation.
Biosurfactant producing of DSVK2 strain with different crude oil content after 12 days incubation. Biosurfactant producing of DSVK2 strain with different nitrogen sources after 12 days incubation. Biosurfactant ability of strain DSVK2 with different nitrogen sources after 12 days. Biosurfactant production of DSVK2 strain at different concentrations of NH4NO3 after 12 days incubation.
Biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain with different concentrations of NH4NO3 after 12 days. Biosurfactant of DSVK2 strain at different pH values after 12 days. Biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain with different pH values after 12 days. Biosurfactant production of DSVK2 strain at different temperatures after 12 days incubation.
Biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain with different temperatures after 12 days. Biosurfactant of DSVK2 strain at different concentrations of NaCl after 12 days. Biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain with different concentrations of NaCl after 12 days. Biosurfactant of DSVK2 strain with different bacterial concentrations.
Biosurfactant production efficiency of DSVK2 strain with different bacterial concentrations after 12 days. Crude oil-degrading ability of Pseudomonas sp. DSVK2 after 20 day-experiment. Crude oil degradation efficiency of Pseudomonas sp.
DSVK2 after 20 day-experiment. 44 ix ABSTRACT Interest in microbial surfactants has been steadily increasing in recent years, as they have numerous advantages compared to chemical surfactants including lower toxicity, better environmental compatibility and effective properties at extreme temperature, pH values and salinity. A highly bio- surfactant-producing strain of Pseudomonas, DSVK2 was selected among the Pseudomonas isolates from marine environments and oil-contaminated sites. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA showed that the DSVK2 strain similar to 99.5% with 16s rDNA sequence of Pseudomonas stutzeri.
The suitable conditions for the bio-surfactant production by the strain DSVK2 were found to be pH 8.0, 30oC; 3% (v/v) and 0,4% (w/v) for temperature, initial solution pH, initial concentration of carbon substrate (crude oil), and initial concentration of nitrogen substrate NH4NO3, respectively. The emulsification index (E24) increased from 52.8% to 69% under suitable conditions. The crude oil content decreased from 28,950 to 10,712 mg/l after 20 day-experiment by the strain DSVK2 in crude oil estimated. These results revealed that the strain DSVK2 exhibited tremendous potential for bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants.
Preface Petroleum or crude oil is a compound of hydrocarbons (HC) with diverse compositions, used to produce kerosene, diesel oil, and fuel gasoline, known as "black gold". In addition to the economic benefits from oil extraction, the serious environmental pollution problem caused by the oil extraction, transportation, and processing sectors is also a concern of oil-exploring and exporting countries in the World as well as in Vietnam. Oil pollution changes the habitats of many species of plants and animals, acidifies seawater, stretches oil spills, hinders the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, destroys ecosystems, etc. Oil pollution treatment at sea is a matter of concern for countries all over the world.
At present, traditional physical, chemical, and mechanical methods such as using oil floats, oil suction machines, dispersants, etc… are often used to treat oil pollution. However, chemical substances that contain toxins and have a negative effect on marine ecosystems and aquatic environments, with physical method only a small amount of oil can be obtained floating on the surface of the water and high cost. Compared to the traditional way, the method of biodegradation of crude oil by microorganisms is attracting research attention because of its advantages such as thorough treatment, low cost, no secondary pollution, and environmental friendliness. Biodegradation of petroleum HC by microorganisms can occur in two directions: (1) Microorganisms absorb HC by direct interaction between the cell and the oil drop; (2) create a biosurfactant to bring the insoluble HC compound into an emulsion for easy contact with microorganisms, then use the enzymes in the cell to decompose.
A biosurfactant is a compound containing both hydrophilic and lipophilic functional groups in the same molecule produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and molds. With properties such as surfactant, emulsifying, and foaming, they can be concentrated, mutually acting to reduce the surface tension between oil and 1 water phases, making it easier for microorganisms to come into contact with oil molecules and easily decompose the oil. Furthermore, biosurfactants can maintain their activity under varying temperatures, pH, NaCl, Ca 2+, and Mg2+ under extreme conditions. Therefore, biosurfactants are often used to treat oil contamination.
According to some reviews, the bio-surfactant is promising as a future major oil pollution treatment method. Microbial biosurfactant will not only apply in enhancing oil recovery, controlling oil spills, and biodegradation but will apply in wide of environmental protection including treat of waste polluted or other industrial products. In Vietnam, some studies on hydrocarbon petroleum-degrading microorganisms have achieved certain results, successfully isolated microorganisms residing in oil fields, oil wells such as Pseudomonas sp., (Lai Thuy Hien, Vuong Thi Nga, 2013, Kieu Thi Quynh Hoa et al. These microbial has been shown that can be used in petroleum hydrocarbons as a carbon source for energy exchange, this is the important key to determining their oil-degrading.
However, studies on bio-surfactants production by crude oil-utilizing microorganisms and their properties are still limited, have not been paid much attention, and studied systematically, especially in optical properties of intrinsic microorganisms producing bio-surfactant in degradation of seawater contaminated petroleum hydrocarbon. Purpose and requirements 1. Purpose To find microbial strains capable of producing biosurfactants on petroleum HC substrates for application in oil pollution treatment. Requirements - Isolation of bacterial strain capable of biosurfactants generating on petroleum hydrocarbon substrates (crude oil).
2 - Investigation of factors affecting the biosurfactants production of the selected bacterial strain such as temperature, pH, salinity, carbon source (crude oil), nitrogen source - Evaluation of the ability of petroleum hydrocarbons (crude oil) degradation of the selected bacterial strain based on total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination (PHC) Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a black-yellow liquid formed from geological layers. Petroleum products such as gas, gasoline, mazut oil, kerosene, diesel, lubricants, paraffin wax, asphalt and reagents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals,. The EIA forecasts the outlook for world oil production to reach 620,000 barrels per day to 96.9 million barrels per day in 2021 and 100.46 million barrels per day in 2022.
Although oil is an important energy source with high demand, it also pollutes oil HC is an alarming problem. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination brings great harm to the human environment, economy, and society. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the world Many causes are resulting in oil pollution, which greatly affects ecosystems and organisms yet as economic values. In the world, oil pollution may be caused by natural disasters, wars, conflicts, pipeline breakdowns, and tanker accidents… Table 2.
Large oil spill in the world No.