ỷ — Université de Liége THUY LOI UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE CAO DUC HAI MASTER THESIS MODELING COASTLINE EVOLUTION USING ONE-LINE MODEL FOR HOI AN, QUANG NAM Major: Sustainable Hydraulic Structures Coastal Engineering and Management Supervisor: Ass.NghiemTien Lam Prof. Rigo Philippe Hanoi, 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘This master course has been supported by the cooperation project between University of Liege and ThuyLoi University First and foremost, [ would ike to thank to all members in my big family, specially my father, my mother, grandfather, grandmother and my brother, which they help and promote me a lot when I had got trouble in the master course. Next I really world like to show my gratitude to my professor in Vietnam, Assoe. Prof, Nghiem Tien Lam; also professor at University of Leige, Prof.
Rigo Philippe during master research, who gives me the direction in study In research, special thanks to Dr. Nguyen Quang Chien for supporting to fix mistakes in programming open source code, and Assoc. Vu Minh Cat for sharing data and material about Hơi An. I am deeply grateful to him about his ‘enthusiasm, Last but not least, I want to send my thanks to my site manager, Duong Minh Tĩnh, and all leaders in Phục Hung Holdings Construction Joint Stock Company that they give opportunities to complete my master thesis on time.
Hanoi, August 2016 ‘40 Due Hai CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCHON.5 Approach and methodology.6 Thesis structure CHAPTER 2: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2.2 Hilly topography 223 Delta topography 224 Sandy coastal topography’ 2.1 Wind 242 Temperature 243 Humidity. River basin and siver network 25.6 Observation stations and hydrologic conditions.1 Tides » 222 Wind waves 20 2⁄3 Currents 2 28° Sediment 2 28.1 River sediment transport 2 28.2 Coastal sediment transport 23 29° Historical evolution of the cosstine.10 Conclusions + CHAPTER 3: APPLICATION OF GI IC COASTLINE MODEL.1 One-line theory.24 Sediment transport formulae 33 Model sep.3 Computation ofcoastine evolution, 34 Model calibration.3 Wave breaking pafametefs. CHAPTER4: PREDICTION OF EVOLUTION FOR HOI AN COASTLINE.1 Introduction 56 42 Zero-ption 56 "xố 56 422 Senado2 37 43° Coastal evolution in other coastal protection solutions 9° 43.osmnsnnnnnnnnnnninnnnnsnnnnnsnnn6 434 Conclusions 6 CHAPTER5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS _ 51 Conclusions « 5.8 References 66 List of figure 6 List of table T0 Appondix A n Appendix B. 85 CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION 11 Study area ‘The Cua Dai beach and the ancient town of Hoi An are located in Quang Nam province in the middle of Vietnam.
They play great important roles in economic development of Quang Nam province, Vietnam. Hoi An city is located in the Thu Bon River Basin with 10035 km? of total area and approximately 120,000 inhabitants, ts ancient town is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site in Vietnam. Quang Nam province shares the border with Thua Thien-Hue province in the north, Quang Ngai province in the south, Kon Tum province and the Laos in the WesL Its a strategic important position that can cover and monitor almost of the ‘marine routes inthe East Sea 1. Problem definition Over last decade, coastal erosion in Cua Dai Beach has been happening severely and quickly, causing a significant retreat of the coastline, The Hoi An beach is lost day by day.
On average, the Hoi An coastline is eroding 12m per year. So a great number of resorts, restaurants and houses are either destroyed or threatened. ‘Therefore, the number of tourists visiting Hoi An is significantly decreasing, losing the great amount of money that invested to build infrastructure along coastline In Hoi An, tourism accounts for 64% of the total municipal revenue, and itis also the province's main source of income. In 2013, Quang Nam province's tourism earned up to 170 million USD, which is approximately 10 per cent of the gross provincial product (Vietnam News, 2013).
Hoi An also contributes about 40 million USD (UNESCO, 2008). Almost focal inhabitants live on tourism, hence they ane affected by coastal erosion on thei livelihood. In the world, climate change is a global problem. This could also influence on the coastal area of Hoi An, According to ASEC Consultants (2014), sea level rise around Hoi An will be 5mm per year.
They predicted that a quarter of the Hoi An area will be regularly flooded in 2020. Beside, typhoon fends to move toward the south along the country's coastal line. The combination between extreme events, such as storm surge, tide and sea level rise leads to more severe coastal erosion, According to Marcel Stive (2015), there is a difference in sediment volume between the loss of sediment on the northern beaches and the gain of sediment on the southern beaches. He claimed that the newest situationin 2015 is shown in Figure 1~ Figure 1-2 Erosion on study area (Hoi An Project)! "the Dutch ster stent group fom Tw-Delt Universi took the pstares on he Hs site 2 ‘Thus, the study area needs to assess the problem in a careful way to support the decision making process for an effective solution.3 Literature review Long-term prediction of coastal erosion can be done based on one-line model theory.
This research is intended to apply this kind of model to study the coastal «erosion in Hoi An and propose the solution to cope with t, ‘One ofthe commonly used one-line model is GENESIS (Hanson and Kraus, 1989), GENESIS can simulate successfully the evolution of coastline being make up a reat volume of fine-grained sediment transport, Chantal et al. (2004) compared equilibrium beach profiles which the processes in surf zone do not affect and affect to calculate the deviation of fine material. The continuity equation of sediment ‘transport in GENESIS was adjusted represent the volume of thes Existing dykes in Hai Hau, Nam Dinh province was simulated in GENESIS as seawall that ‘erosion in the past the dykes were prevent Murray and Ashton (2004) explored coastline evolution under such wave climates using a one-line model require some alterations to avoid discretization artefacts related to high-angle waves, and allow complex shoreline structures to emerge in the model. Howe rit does not imply that thes solutions are unique; other approaches to solving these problems ate certainly possible.
Regarding Hoi An coastline, there are some researches have done related to the crosion problem or the surrounding study area. In Hoi An, the beach north of Cua Dai estuary has been eroding severely. Pre-built ‘coastal structures significantly affect the adjacent beaches. Viet and Tanaka (2015) claimed thatthe main cause of erosion in Cua Dai beach is due to the hydropower reservoirs and dams built upstream which are keeping a great amount of sediment upstream of the dams.
As a result, ack of sediment supplies to downstream. It is ‘considered as the highly possible mechanism of erosion. Concerning the three researches above, they just simulate very well type of smooth coastline, but they can mention rough coastlines that changing strongly angle of coastline, and he coastlines are influenced significantly by river mounts According to Long et al (2013), the annual runo[f is quite abundant in the Vu Gia- ‘Thu Bon river basin, but it unequally distribute in space and time, The flow regime inthe study area is impacted significantly in both negative and positive ways by the construction of reservoir system upstream in order to exploit water resource efficiently. ‘They assessed the cause of erosion from upstream due to building hydropower plants and the loss of a great volume of sediment supply t0 the coasts adjacent the ‘Thu Bon estuary, 14.
Study objectives “The main objective ofthis research isto in ase the fundamental understanding on the physical regime influencing the evolution of the coastline, Specifically, the study is aimed to get further insight into the parameters which are the most sensitive to the coastline change in Hoi An in order to propose an effective countermeasure to ‘cope with the coastal erosion problem, “To achieving the research goal, the following questions have to be answered during research: ‘What is the main factors influencing the evolution of the Hoi An coastline? How will the Hoi An coastline tend to change in next 20, 50 years? What is an effective solution to deal with the erosion of the Hoi An coastline? 1. Approach and methodology “The research questions can be answered and the objectives can be achieved by means of a numerical coastline evolution model. In this research, the Generic Coastline Model (Roelvink and Reniers, 2011) will be utilized to model the ‘coastline evolution for Hoi An. ‘The Generic Coasline Model is an one-line model which allow to predict the coastline change in a long-term time scale.
The model uses Soulsby-Van Rijn formula (Soulsby, 1997) to calculate long-shore sediment transport taking into account the influences of different processes. The model will be calibrated and validated using the actual data forthe research area ‘Once the numerical coastline evolution model is setup and calibrated and validated, itean be used to predict the coastline evolution for different periods in the future. Tt can also be used to investigate the evolution of the coastline corresponding to different coastal protection measures to find an effective solution to counter the ‘coastal erosion problem of Hoi An, Wave transformation module solve Matric Figure 1-3 Structure of study ‘The study approach is depicted in Figure 1-3 which inelude the following major ‘components: 1. Different types of data will be collected including: Basic data of water level, flow discharge and velocity, wave, wind, and sediment transport.
Basic data of bathymetry, topography, eross-shore coastal profiles. = Historical changes of the coastline based on maps and remote sensing (Google Earth, other satelite imagery and aerial photography). Model setup, calibration and validation, The model will be setup based on Generic Coastline Model and will be calibrated and validated using measured data, Sensitivity analysis and the investigation of the influences of the different factors and processes on model results can be carried out dưng model calibration, Prediction of coastline change in next 20, 50 years for “zero-option”” and other ‘coastal protection measures to propose the most effective solution to counter the coastal erosion problem.6 Thesis structure “The structure of the thesis is shown in Figure 1-4, Afler this introduction chapter, Chapter 2 presents more detailed on the physical characteristies of study area and the surrounding area, Chapter 3 provides application of Generic Coastline Model on study area, Chapter 4 focuses on predicting the evolution of the Hoi An coastline. “The thesis ends with the study conclusions and recommendations in Chapter 5, Introduction Am toan mm) Thesis Structure Phys ghansasiuie ~ˆ Prediction of evolution for Hoi ‘An coastline Conclusion and Recommendation Figure 1-4 Structure of the thesis CHAPTER2: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 21 Introduction Hoi An beach is one of the most sensitive and important beaches in Vietnam.
because of its position and economy. Due to the area is located in the tropical monsoon climate region, there are several different elements influencing the evolution of coastline all governing by the topical monsoon systems. The principle factors, which is strongly influenced, is from inland, oceanic conditions and specifi ly human activities. The dominant influence to the change of coastline is ‘due to lacking of sediment that mainly supply from Thu Bon River system, building hydropower plain in upstream and mining along the river.
To obtain a general view ‘on the natural condition and the evolution of coastline, this chapter will provide some basic information on the physical characteristics ofthe change of coastline.2 Geographic conditions Generally, the topography of the Thu Bon River basin change in a complex and dissected way with the direction of the slope from the western to the eastern, and there are 4 types of main topography.1 Mountain topography ‘The type of mountainous topography accounts for most of the Thu Bon River basin’s area, and the topography belongs to Truong Son mountain range with the popular height from 500 to 2000 meter.