TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and ÑomenCÏafUIF€ .s-s-s-s-s<ss<s< s59 998498983 198983936393939393039309080888088484608394050303000 8 LLiS£ OŸ Tialles. 5< 5< 5< S51 51913915 393639393039303033088808848304939303030303030303000000084049404030403040403030000008 12 List of Figures. Introduction to research WOK .1 Status of nuclear power in the World and Vietnam .2 Brief overview of nuclear safety 0.3 Core thermal hydraulics safety analysis in transient COndifION.1 Role of void fraction In simulation of tWwO phase ÍÏOW.2 Experiment overview for bundle of sub channel anaÏyS1s.3 Void fraction prediction StUdY 0.4 VVER technology understanding related to this StUdYy .2 Scope of study. Overview of phase change models in code theories with different scales.1 Multi code and multi scales approach to PWR thermal hydraulic simulation .1 NÑeutron codes and thermal hydrauliCS CO©S.2 Different scale of thermal hydraullC €O©S.3 Different thermal hydraulic modeling apprOaChes .2 Phase change models in system code RELA PS .3 Phase change models in sub channel code CTTE.1 Evaporation and condensation induced by thermal phase change .2 Evaporation and condensation induced by turbulent mixing and void drift.4 Phase change models in meso scale code CFX.1 Evaporation at the in.2 Condensation model in bulk of liquid 0.
cece <5 E SE E$E£E+EE‡E#EEEEEEeEeEEkrkEerekekrkrerrkrkrkree 43 2. cece eecseeeeeeseseeeescseseeeecsesesecscscsesesecsesseececsessesecsesseesscsessesessesseesessesseesesaesseesasaeeeed 44 Chapter 3. Phase change models verification and assessment by numerical simulation.1 Brief information of VVER-1000/ 3/922 .2 Verification of RELAPS simulation models for VVER-1000/V392 reactor with SAR.2 Verification of modeling through steady-sfate StUd|Y .3 Verification through accident Case StUdY .3 CTFE models verification and assessment with BM ENTEK teStS. --- 55 5S Sse+xxexsereee 51 ESfSB5\002.2 Modeling by CTF.3 Results and discussions.4 Verification CFX models with PSBT sub channel tests.1 PSBT test section for single sub channelÌ .----¿- - + + +2 SE *E2EEEEE E2 HT ưệt 60 3.2 Mesh generation Study 0.5 Sensitivity study on physical mO(eÌS.
- ¿+ +32 EESE E2 SE TT HH1 ưệt 68 3.6 Assessment of CFX and CTF modeling results in comparison with PSBT single channel .7 Discussion on CTF and CFX void fraction prediC{IOIS .8 Improvement of CFX void fraction prediction In saturated reg1On. c1 tt HT HH11212121 111 1 1 HH HH0 T110 00 011g HH giườn 86 Chapter 4. Void fraction prediction in hot channel of VVER-1000/V392.2 Power distribution calculation by MCNPS cOde.3 LOCAs simulation by RELAPS €Ode .4 Void fraction prediction in hot channel during transient by CTF code.1 VVER-1000/V392 void fraction prediction by CTF.2 Discussion on RELAPS and CTF void fraction predictions .5 Void fraction prediction in single channel by CFX code wo.1 Mesh refinement Study.2 Void fraction prediction calculated by CFX along sub channel.6 Void fraction prediction in bundle of channel calculated by CFX code. St ThS 212121210101 11101110 TH HH0 T01 H011 111 T11 107 Conclusions and proposals.
Achievements and new findings given by the tH€S1S. ¿2S E2 EE*E*E#EEEESEEEkEeEekrkrkrerrkrkree 108 IziU00:1800/01000110. 5 (533333 39393989098808088383649303030303030300030000000048484940304940403030403000090000000000080406 112 List of Author” paperS and F€DOLFỂ .-- 55-5 << 2< 534 9955 959895598989503400050300000480000404 050 116 Abbreviations and Nomenclature Abbreviations VVER VVER-1200/V491 VVER-1000/V392 VINATOM TSO DID PWR SAR NRA RIAs LOFAs LOCAs DNB DNBR Castellana EPRI BM ENTEK RBMK-1000 PSBT CTF RELAPS COBRA-TF RELAP-3D MARS-3D Belene Ansys CFX CFX PARCS ITT OD, 1D, 2D CHF TH RANS A Type of Pressurized Water Reactor developed by Russia A type of Russia reactor with capability of 1200 MWe A type of Russia reactor with capability of 1000 MWe Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute Technical Support Organization Defend in depth policy in nuclear power plant design Pressurized Water Reactor Safety Analysis Report of nuclear power plant Nuclear Regulatory Authority Reactivity insertion accident Loss of coolant flow Loss of coolant accident Departure of nucleate boiling Departure of nucleate boiling ratio The 4 x 4 square rod bundle test for fuel rod in Columbia University (USA) Electric Power Research Institute The BM Facility at the Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering (RDIPE; a., ENTEK and NIKIET) models the forced circulation circuit of RBMK type reactors A type of Russia reactor of 1000 MWe with transliteration of Russian characters for graphite-moderated boiling-water-cooled channel-type reactor OECD/NRC Benchmark based on Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC, Japan) PWR sub channel and bundle tests A version of COBRA-TF improved by Pennsylvania State University (USA) System code developed by Information Systems Laboratories, Inc. Rockville, Maryland Idaho Falls, Idaho Coolant-Boiling in Rod Arrays—Two Fluids (COBRA-TF) is a Thermal Hydraulic (T/H) simulation code designed for Light Water Reactor (LWR) vessel analysis developed by Pacific Northwest Laboratory Newest version of RELAP5 with coupling with COBRA-TF Newest version of MARS with coupling with COBRA-TF A site for nuclear power plant project in Bulgaria A Computational Fluid Dynamics developed by Ansys Same as Ansys CFX A code for neutron kinetic calculation interface tracking technique Dimension of spatial averaging Critical Heat Flux Thermal hydraulics Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation LES MSLB PTS CFD DI FI SI U-RANS T-RANS meso scale ECCS system LBLOCAs SBO SG SG PHRS HA-2 HA-1 PCT DBA MCPL LOOP DG SAR SG OECD/NRC BFBT Ocrit Large Eddy Simulation Main steam line break Pressurize Thermal shock Computational Fluid Dynamics Deterministic Interface Filtered Interface Statistical Interface Unsteady flow Transient flow The spatial scale with size around 1mm and less simulated with RANS Emergency Core Cooling System Large break for loss of coolant accident Station black out Steam Generator Passive Heat Removal through Steam Generator Secondary stage of Hydro accumulators First stage of Hydro accumulators Peaking temperature of cladding Design Base Accident Main Coolant Pipe line Loss of offsite power Diesel Generator SG Active Heat Removal System UPEC BWR Full-size Fine-mesh Bundle Test (BFBT) Benchmark Void fraction corresponding with critical heat flux correlation Nomenclature tựr Aintscv tựr Aintshl tựr Aintshv hg sat hint scl hintscv hint shi hịnt,shv h, hy hy sat hg hi hig my? ral Pi Que Qconv Q's Qhoil T; TS Tem Ti, Tr Tp Oki ŒkiEQ rp Sub-cooled vapor interfacial area per unit volume (m'') Super-heated liquid interfacial area per unit volume (m') Super-heated vapor interfacial area per unit volume (m'') Conductor surface area in mesh cell (m?) Mesh-cell area, X normal (m7) Liquid specific heat, constant pressure (J/kg.K) Vapor specific heat, constant pressure (J/kg.K) Mixing mass flux (kg/m”.s) Vapor saturation enthalpy (J/kg) Sub-cooled liquid interface heat transfer coefficient (W/m?.K) Sub-cooled vapor interface heat transfer coefficient (W/m°.K) Super-heated liquid interface heat transfer coefficient (W/m”.K) Super-heated vapor interface heat transfer coefficient (W/m.K) Chen correlation heat transfer coefficient (W/m?.K) Liquid enthalpy (J/kg) Liquid saturation enthalpy (J/kg) Vapor enthalpy (J/kg) Vapor interface heat transfer coefficient (W/m”.K) Liquid interface heat transfer coefficient (W/m*.K) Mass exchange due to drift model (kg/s) Mass exchange of phase k (kg/m”.s) Density of liquid (kg/m*) Wall heat transfer to liquid (W) Wall heat transfer to liquid for convection (W) Wall heat transfer to liquid for vaporization (W) Vapor temperature (K) Saturated temperature (K) Critical heat flux temperature (K) Liquid temperature (K) Bubble diameter (m) Void fraction of phase k induced by sub channel i Equilibrium quality void fraction Two phase turbulent mixing coefficient Density of phase k in sub channel i (kg/m’) Liquid density (kg/m*) Vapor density (kg/m’) Mixing density (kg/m’) Volumetric mass flow rate (kg/m’.s) Vapor generation from near wall (kg/m’.s) Total Vapor Generation (kg/m*.s) Mesh-cell axial height (m) Surface tension (N/m) Fluid viscosity (Pa.s) Pressure (Pa) 10 T” Tw Tone »Terit Re Pr Nu n kA, hy hạp Evaporation rate (kg/m”.s) Wall surface temperature (K) Critical heat flux temperature (K) Reynolds number Prandtl number Nusselt number Wall nucleation site density (m? Liquid thermal conductivity (W/m.K) Vapor enthalpy (J/kg) Nucleate-boiling heat transfer coefficient (W/m°.K) Liquid enthalpy (J/kg) Vapor saturation enthalpy (J/kg) Forced-convective heat transfer coefficient (W/m’.K Liquid saturation enthalpy (J/kg) Chen correlation heat transfer coefficient (W/m?.K) Gravitational acceleration (m/s”) Chen Reynolds number factor Bubble detachment frequency (s”) Hydraulic diameter (m) Specific heat, constant pressure (J/kg.K) Mesh-cell area, X normal (m7) Conductor surface area in mesh cell (m?) Mesh-cell axial height (m) Inverse Martinelli factor Liquid density (kg/m*) Fourier number Vapor density (kg/m’) Mixing density (kg/m’) Void fraction Volumetric heat transfer from the wall (W/m?) Total wall heat flux (W/m’) Quenching heat flux (W/m’) Evaporative heat flux (W/m?) Convective heat flux (W/m’) Local mean bubble diameter (m) Saturation temperature (K) Liquid temperature (K) Mesh-cell area of phase k (m) Chen suppression factor Heat transfer per volumetric unit (W/m?) Mixing mass flux (kg/mỶ.s) Area influence factors 11 List of Tables Table 1.1 Multiple levels oŸ protection from DID approach (source [4Š]).2 Content of Safety Analysis Reports (source [45]).
-¿-¿- «5 5+ St sskeEskekrrererreeree 21 Table 1.3 Castellana 4x4 test characteristics (SOUrCe [29]) .4 EPRI 5x5 characteristics for test 74 and test 75(source [29]).--- «+ =+x+ex+srsexexzxss 25 Table 1.5 Geometry and power shape for Test Assembly B5, B6, and B7 (Source [1]) Table 2.1 Main characteristics of codes with four different scales (source [ l I]) .2 Main characteristics modeling approaches for three main types of single-phase CFD .1 Main technical characteristics of VVER-1000/V392 (source[36]).2 Comparison of steady-state of VVER-1000/V 392.3 Boundary conditions for event number 3 (source [35]).4 Chronological sequence of Event 3 from SAR [35] and this study .5 Setting for base case and sensitivity cases according to test 01 and test l7.6 Base case void fraction distribution calculations versus experiment for cases at 3MPa.7 Base case void fraction distribution calculations versus experiment for cases at 7MPa.8 Deviation of void fraction distribution calculation results versus experiment Table 3.9 Deviation of void fraction distributions on input unCerfainfiS.10 Maximum deviation of void fraction distribution on input parameters versus base case .11 Experimental uncertainties on input parametefs. - - - ¿+5 SE EeEsEerrersrrkrkreei 60 Table 3.12 Test Conditions for Steady-State Void Measurement of selected runs.15 y* predicted by Mesh .18 Average void fraction calculations between three meshes and experiment value .19 Radial distribution of pressure and temperature for different refinement meshes .20 Radial distribution of velocity and void fraction for different refinement meshes .21 Average void fraction calculation at given cross section with or without modeling .22 Calculation results oŸ average VOId ÍTaCtIOH.- 2 + E23 SE*2EEESEEEEEEEEEkrkrkrrkrkrkree 73 Table 3.23 Average void fraction calculation with different scale of bubble mean diameter.24 Average void fraction calculation results with different INref.25 Average void fraction calculation results with different bubble departure diameters.26 Average void fraction calculation results with different Nusselt number correlations .24 CFX and CTF results comparisons versus experiment void fractiOn.25 Comparison of CFX and CTF results and experiment void fraction in saturated region.26 Comparison of CFX and CTF results versus experiment in case of high pressure.27 Comparison of CFX and CTE results and experiment void fraction .28 Void fraction and temperature super heating before and after calibration.1 Main technical characteristics of fuel assembly for VVER-1000/V392.2 Case studies for void fraction prediCfIOH.--- 5+ + + +*Evv*EEerkrrrrkrrrrrrrrrrrei 94 Table 4.3 Boundary condition of LOCA coupled with SBO for anaÌys1S.4 Data related to phase change of interfacial area for case LBO1002B at 15s of transient.5 Cases for void fraction prediction in single channel by CEX .6 Average void fraction for different mesÏes.7 Void fraction prediction by CTF and CFX at downstream of channel at z = 3.8 Sub cooled selected regions for CFX Invesf(IØaf(1ON .9 Saturated selected regions for CFX investigation .cccccceseseseeesseeeseeeeseeseesssseeteeseeeee 105 13 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Nuclear power generation by country in 2013 (source [46]).2 Multiple physical barriers in DID policy (source [4Š]) .----- s52 +s++s+++execsx+zeree 22 Figure 1.3 Heal flux versus temperature difference for pool boiling heat transfers (source [31]).4 Types of boiling flow crisis (source [25]). cece ees eeeeeeeeeseneeetecseeeetessesseetetseetetaeaeaeee 23 Figure 1.5 Critical heat flux in uniformly core (source [25]) Figure 1.6 Development of VVER nuclear reactor technology chart [32].7 Multi-scale analysis of reactor thermal hydraulics (source [ Ï Ï]).1 Relations between MCNP5, system code RELAPS and component code CTE.3 System code capabilities for reactor thermal hydraulics (source [7]).4 Control volume and axial flow area defined in sub channel code .6 The tree of two-phase thermal hydraulic modeling approaches (source [ I I]).7 Schematic of vertical flow regime map in RELAPS(source [ 19]).8 CTE normal-wall flow regime maps (source [38]) .1 Side view of primary system of VVER-1000/V392 (source [36]) .2 Primary system and safety system for VVER-1000/V392 (source [37]).