VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ---------------o0o--------------- HOANG AN INSIGHT ASSESSMENT OF THE SYNTHESIS, MORPHOLOGY, AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF ZnO@CN INTERLAYER COMPOSITE FOR EMERGING ANTIBIOTIC REMOVALS IN WATER UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT NGHIÊN CỨU TỔNG HỢP, ĐẶC TRƯNG VÀ KHẢ NĂNG QUANG XÚC TÁC LOẠI BỎ DƯ LƯỢNG KHÁNG SINH TRONG NƯỚC DƯỚI ÁNH SÁNG KHẢ KIẾN CỦA VẬT LIỆU COMPOSITE ZNO@CN ĐA LỚP Major: Chemical engineering Major code: 8520301 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, June 2024 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Anh Nga, Ph. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph. Tran Hoang Phuong, Ph. Examiner 2: Pham Trong Liem Chau, Ph.
This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology – VNU- HCM City on 25/6/2024 Master’s Thesis Committee: Assoc. Nguyen Thi Phuong Phong, Ph. – Chairman of the thesis committee Assoc. Tran Hoang Phuong, Ph.
– Reviewer 1 Pham Trong Liem Chau, Ph. – Reviewer 2 Tong Thanh Danh, Ph. Nguyen Tuan Anh, Ph. – Scientific secretary Approval of the Chairman of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis being corrected (If any).
CHAIRMAN OF HEAD OF FACULTY OF THESIS COMMITTEE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (Signature with full name) (Signature with full name) i Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology-VNU HCMC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Faculty of Chemical Engineering Independence – Freedom – Happiness THESIS TASK ASSIGNMENT Student’s name: HOANG AN ID: 2370059 Date of birth: 10/3/2001 Place of birth: Ho Chi Minh City Major: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Code: 8520301 1. Title: Title in Vietnamese: Nghiên cứu tổng hợp, đặc trưng và khả năng quang xúc tác loại bỏ dư lượng kháng sinh trong nước dưới ánh sáng khả kiến của vật liệu composite ZnO@CN đa lớp. Title in English: Insight assessment of the synthesis, morphology, and photocatalytic properties of ZnO@CN interlayer composite for emerging antibiotic removals in water under visible light. Literature review Graphitic carbon nitride (CN), zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc oxide-anchored graphitic carbon nitride (ZnO@CN), antibiotics, tetracycline (TC), ciprofloxacin (CP), cephalexin (CL), erythromycin A (ER), photocatalytic degradation performance, and mechanism study.
Experimental - Synthesis of ZnO via reduction method and synthesis of CN via calcination method - Synthesis of ZnO@CN from ZnO with CN via sonication-assisted ex-situ method with various ZnO dosages from 05% to 25% (ZnO@CN-05 – ZnO@CN-25). - Characterization of CN, ZnO, and ZnO@CN - Investigation of ZnO@CN performance of TC, CP, CL, and ER antibiotics photodegradation. - Investigation of ZnO@CN photodegradation mechanism via radicals scavenging experiments and assessment of the reusability of ZnO@CN. Supervisor: Nguyen Thi Anh Nga, Ph.
Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph. Ho Chi Minh City June 25th, 2024 SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT (signature with full name) (signature with full name) HEAD OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (signature with full name) ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT “Ego gigantus humerus sto” “To stand on the shoulder of giants” Science is a lonely journey. However, alone the path, there are family, friends, and colleagues to travel along, for help, for guidance, and for comfort. Firstly, the author would like to express the utmost appreciation to the his mother and father for have always been there in every moment of life.
Every step that he has accompanied has led to this particular present, and with the unconditional love and dedication from all of the family members, it would be futile for the author to be who he is today. The encouragement and guidance has always and always will be the beacon for the determination of the author to hold in the daily struggles. Secondly, the author would like to gratitude to the instructor, Nguyen Thi Anh Nga, Ph. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph.
for their dedicated advice and guidance. And to the end of the journey, they have shown great patience on the guidance to the right path of the research. The invaluable guidance has effectively helped the author complete the thesis proposal with a high willingness and effort. Thirdly, the author is solely appreciative to all of the colleagues and seniors in Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Processing (Key CEPP Lab) for their precise supports and advices, not only for the thesis but also for all of the knowledge accumulated during the working period.
Finally, the author conveys an acknowledgement to all of the friends from across all platforms and the progenitors for having been a company in the process of finishing the project. Without the immense spiritual and academically support, the pathway of the author could have been more difficult. Ho Chi Minh City, June 2024 Author iii ABSTRACT In this thesis, zinc oxide-modified graphitic carbon nitride interlayer (ZnO@CN) was synthesized for the photocatalytic antibiotics removal in water under visible light. In detail, graphitic carbon nitride (CN) was prepared by the calcination of melamine and activated using the mixture of K2Cr2O7 and concentrated H2SO4.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) was synthesized from of Zn(CH3COO)2 using the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp extract as a stabilizer and was calcined at high temperature. ZnO@CN was fabricated by combining ZnO and CN with different ratios (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) under sonication. The material ZnO@CN was investigated on the antibiotics removal performance on tetracycline. The material ZnO@CN with different ratios was applied in the same experimental setup for assessment.
Control test with ZnO and CN was also conducted in the same setup. The application of ZnO@CN was extended to three organic compounds ciprofloxacin (CP), cephalexin (CL), and erythromycin A (ER) with the same conducted setup. Moreover, radical scavenging experiments were conducted to reveal the main photoactivity participants and elucidate the photodegradation mechanism. The reagent vitamin C were used to capture the photogenerated hole, isopropanol to capture the hydroxyl radicals and ethylenediaminetetraacetate, to capture the superoxide radicals.
Besides, recyclability of ZnO@CN was conducted in the same manner for five consecutive cycles. The abstract of the thesis is illustrated in Figure 1. iv Figure 1: Graphical abstract of the thesis v TÓM TẮT Trong luận văn này, vật liệu graphitic carbon nitride (CN) đa lớp biến tính bằng kẽm oxide (ZnO@CN) được tổng hợp để ứng dụng vào quá trình quang phân hủy dư lượng kháng sinh trong nước dưới ánh sáng khả kiến. Cụ thể, CN được tổng hợp bằng cách nung melamine và được hoạt hóa bằng hỗn hợp K2Cr2O7 và H2SO4 đặc.
Kẽm oxide (ZnO) được tổng hợp từ muối Zn(CH3COO)2 sử dụng dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt (Garcinia mangostana) vói vai trò chất ổn định và được nung ở nhiệt độ cao. Vật liệu ZnO@CN được tổng hợp bằng phương pháp phối trộn huyền phù với sự hỗ trợ siêu âm với nhiều tỷ lệ giữa ZnO và CN khác nhau (5, 10, 15, 20 và 25%). Vật liệu ZnO@CN được thử nghiệm và đánh giá khả năng quang phân hủy đối với kháng sinh tetracycline. Đầu tiên, các mẫu vật liệu ZnO@CN với tỷ lệ ZnO và CN khác nhau được khảo sát và đối chiếu trong cũng một điều kiện.
Thí nghiệm đối chứng với từng vật liệu là ZnO và CN cũng được thực hiện. Khả năng ứng dụng của ZnO@CN được đánh giá thông qua các ba loại chất hữu cơ khác nhau như là ciprofloxacin (CP), cephalexin (CL) và erythromycin A (ER). Để đánh giá cơ chế xúc tác quang, thí nghiệm bắt gốc tự do được thực hiện. Các tác nhân được dùng để bắt gốc tự do bao gồm vitamin C bắt các lỗ trống quang sinh, isopropanol bắt gốc tự do hydroxyl và ethylendiaminetetraacetate để bắt gốc tự do superoxide.
Bên cạnh đó, khả năng thu hồi tái sử dụng của ZnO@CN được đánh giá cũng điều kiện thí nghiệm qua 5 chu kì liên tục. Tóm tắt nội dung luận văn được thể hiện ở Hình 1. vi Hình 1: Tóm tắt nội dung nghiên cứu của luận văn vii COMMITENT OF THE THESIS’AUTHOR I hereby declare that the work is originally implemented by the author and was carried out under the instructions of Nguyen Thi Anh Nga, Ph. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph.
in Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology – Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City. I confirm that this work is the result of my research and is solely my work. All the contribution-related to this thesis have been fully acknowledged. I affirm that any formulation, idea, research, reasoning, or analysis borrowed from a third party is correctly and accurately cited in both techniques and the author’s rights.
The author takes full responsibility for the full work. Ho Chi Minh City, June 2024 Author viii TABLE OF CONTENTS THESIS TASK ASSIGNMENT. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. ix LIST OF FIGURES.
xii LIST OF TABLES. 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW. Graphitic carbon nitride (CN). Effect of precursor on the graphitic carbon nitride structure.
Cyanamide and dicyandiamide. Urea and thiourea. ZnO characteristic traits. Zinc oxide modification on graphitic carbon nitride (ZnO@CN).
Graphitic carbon nitride modification. Modified properties of ZnO@CN. Synergetic effects of ZnO and CN. Overall performance and mechanism ZnO@CN.
Antibiotics pollution treatment methods. Antibiotic photocatalytic degradation mechanism. Domestic and international scientific research. Objectives, contents, methods, essentiality, novelty, and contribution.
Chemicals, materials, facilities, equipment, and research location. Chemicals and materials. Synthesis and characterization of ZnO, CN, and ZnO@CN. Investigation of tetracycline photodegradation performance of ZnO@CN.
Investigation of degradation mechanism and ZnO@CN reusability .46 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Characteristics of CN, ZnO, and the ZnO@CN. The antibiotics removal of ZnO@CN. Tetracycline removal of ZnO@CN.
Tetracycline removal of ZnO, CN, and ZnO@CN-15. Antibiotics removal of ZnO@CN-15. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism and reusability assessment. Photocatalytic degradation mechanism .69 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION.
136 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: (a) The triazine tectonic unit and (b) the heptazine tectonic unit.2: The synthesis pathways of (a) triazine and (b) heptazine tectonic unit and the constructive evolution of intermediate monomers.3: Five main precursors of CN synthesis and the purpose .4: The proposed heterojunction model of S-scheme and Z-scheme .5: Synergetic effect between CN and ZnO in ZnO@CN: .6: (a) S-scheme and Z-scheme models of both “ZnO on CN” .7: ZnO and CN bandgap with ROS potentials and forming mechanism .8: Molecular structure of (a) TC, (b) CP, (c) CL, and (d) ER .9: POC treatment mechanism of ZnO@CN .10: Principle of XRD .11: Principle of FTIR spectrometer .12: Principle of (a) SEM and (b) TEM and HR-TEM .13: Principle of EDS.14: Principle of XPS .15: Principle of UV-Vis spectroscopy .1: The Garcinia mangostana pericarps .2: Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract preparation.3: Synthesis scheme of ZnO .4: Fabrication scheme of CN .5: Synthesis scheme of ZnO@CN .6: TC photocatalytic degradation experimental scheme .1: (a) XRD patterns and (b) FTIR spectra of CN, ZnO,.2: SEM images of (a) ZnO, (b) CN, and ZnO@CN samples (c) ZnO@CN-5, (d) ZnO@CN-10, (e) ZnO@CN-15, (f) ZnO@CN-20, and (g) ZnO@CN-25 .3: TEM images and HR-TEM images of CN and ZnO@CN-15 .4: Elemental mappings of (a) CN, (b) ZnO@CN-5, (c) ZnO@CN-10, (d) ZnO@CN-15, (e) ZnO@CN-20, and (f) ZnO@CN-25.5: (a) XPS survey profile and HR-XPS spectra of CN and ZnO@CN-15 .6: Electrochemical of ZnO, CN, and ZnO@CN-15 in dark and illuminated conditions (a) CV curves and (b) area of the CV curves .7: (a) Nyquist’s plot, and (b) electric resistance and electric conductivity of ZnO, CN, and ZnO@CN-15 in illuminated conditions.8: TC photocatalytic degradation of ZnO@CN-05 to ZnO@CN-25 .9: TC photocatalytic degradation of ZnO, CN, and ZnO@CN-15 .10: Comparative antibiotics photocatalytic degradation of ZnO@CN-15 62 Figure 3.11: Reactive sites and degradation targets of the antibiotics strain of .12: Radical scavenging experiments on TC photocatalytic degradation .13: VB-XPS spectra of (a) ZnO and (b) ZnO@CN-15 .14: (a) UV-Vis spectra of ZnO and ZnO@CN-15 and (b) Tauc plot and bandgap analysis of ZnO and ZnO@CN-15 .15: ZnO and ZnO@CN-15 photocatalytic mechanism .