interactive student edition Level Green These ocean cliffs on the Victoria coast in Australia are called the Twelve Apostles. They form a background for wild horses running through a field. The inset photo is a model of an aspirin molecule. These elements represent the Earth, life, and physical sciences, respectively.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 09 08 07 Contents In Brief Contents In Brief Earth’s Materials. 2 Chapter 1 The Nature of Science. 56 Earth’s Atmosphere and Beyond. 146 Chapter 7 Earth in Space.
176 The Basis of Life. 210 Chapter 8 Life’s Structure and Classification. 212 Chapter 9 Cell Processes. 244 Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction.
304 Chapter 12 Adaptations over Time. 332 Human Body Systems. 362 Chapter 13 Circulation and Immunity. 364 Chapter 14 Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion.
398 Chapter 15 Support, Movement, and Responses. 432 Chapter 16 Regulation and Reproduction. 466 The Interdependence of Life. 498 Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things.
530 Chapter 19 Conserving Resources. 558 Matter and Energy. 590 Chapter 20 Properties and Changes of Matter. 592 Chapter 21 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility.
618 Chapter 22 States of Matter. 650 Chapter 23 Newton’s Laws of Motion. 682 Chapter 24 Energy and Energy Resources. 714 iii Authors Edward Ortleb Science Consultant Education Division St.
Louis, MO Washington, D. Peter Rillero, PhD Alton Biggs Associate Professor of Science Education Biology Teacher Arizona State University West Allen High School Phoenix, AZ Allen, TX Susan Leach Snyder Lucy Daniel, PhD Retired Teacher/Consultant Teacher/Consultant Jones Middle School Rutherford County Schools Upper Arlington, OH Rutherfordton, NC Dinah Zike Ralph M., PhD Educational Consultant Assistant Professor Dinah-Might Activities, Inc. Department of Educational Studies San Antonio, TX and Secondary Education Bloomsburg University Bloomsburg, PA Series Consultants CONTENT Alton J. Banks, PhD Michael A.
Hoggarth, PhD Linda McGaw Director of the Faculty Center Department of Life and Science Program Coordinator for Teaching and Learning Earth Sciences Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc. North Carolina State University Otterbein College Dallas, TX Raleigh, NC Westerville, OH Madelaine Meek Jack Cooper Jerome A. Jackson, PhD Physics Consultant Editor Ennis High School Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Lebanon, OH Ennis, TX Program Director Center for Science, Mathematics, Robert Nierste Sandra K. Enger, PhD and Technology Education Science Department Head Associate Director, Florida Gulf Coast University Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Associate Professor Fort Meyers, FL Plano, TX UAH Institute for Science Education Huntsville, AL William C.
Keel, PhD Connie Rizzo, MD, PhD Department of Physics Department of Science/Math David G. Haase, PhD and Astronomy Marymount Manhattan College North Carolina State University University of Alabama New York, NY Raleigh, NC Tuscaloosa, AL iv Dominic Salinas, PhD READING SAFETY Middle School Science Supervisor Caddo Parish Schools Elizabeth Babich Aileen Duc, PhD Shreveport, LA Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher Mashpee Public Schools Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Cheryl Wistrom Mashpee, MA Plano, TX St. Joseph’s College Rensselaer, IN Barry Barto Sandra West, PhD Special Education Teacher Department of Biology Carl Zorn, PhD John F. Kennedy Elementary Texas State University-San Marcos Staff Scientist Manistee, MI San Marcos, TX Jefferson Laboratory Newport News, VA Carol A.
Senf, PhD ACTIVITY TESTERS School of Literature, MATH Communication, and Culture Nerma Coats Henderson Georgia Institute of Technology Pickerington Lakeview Jr. High Michael Hopper, DEng. Atlanta, GA School Manager of Aircraft Certification Pickerington, OH L-3 Communications Rachel Swaters-Kissinger Greenville, TX Science Teacher Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka John Boise Middle School William D. Slider Middle School Teri Willard, EdD Warsaw, MO El Paso, TX Mathematics Curriculum Writer Belgrade, MT Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories Tonawanda, NY Reviewers Deidre Adams William Blair Karen Curry West Vigo Middle School Retired Teacher East Wake Middle School West Terre Haute, IN J.
Marshall Middle School Raleigh, NC Billerica, MA Sharla Adams Joanne Davis IPC Teacher Tom Bright Murphy High School Allen High School Concord High School Murphy, NC Allen, TX Charlotte, NC Robin Dillon Maureen Barrett Lois Burdette Hanover Central High School Thomas E. Harrington Middle School Green Bank Elementary-Middle Cedar Lake, IN Mt. Laurel, NJ School Green Bank, WV Anthony J. John Barry 8th Grade Science Seeger Jr.
High School Marcia Chackan Octorana Middle School West Lebanon, IN Pine Crest School Atglen, PA Boca Raton, FL Desiree Bishop Sandra Everhart Environmental Studies Center Obioma Chukwu Dauphin/Enterprise Jr. High Schools Mobile County Public Schools J. Rose High School Enterprise, AL Mobile, AL Greenville, NC v Mary Ferneau Michael Mansour Mark Sailer Westview Middle School Board Member Pioneer Jr. High School Goose Creek, SC National Middle Level Science Royal Center, IN Teacher’s Association Cory Fish John Page Middle School Joanne Stickney Burkholder Middle School Madison Heights, MI Monticello Middle School Henderson, NV Monticello, NY Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Linda V.
Slider Middle School Dee Stout Retired Teacher El Paso, TX Penn State University Merrill Middle School University Park, PA Denver, CO Michelle Mazeika Whiting Middle School Darcy Vetro-Ravndal George Gabb Whiting, IN Hillsborough High School Great Bridge Middle School Tampa, FL Chesapeake Public Schools Joe McConnell Chesapeake, VA Speedway Jr. High School Karen Watkins Indianapolis, IN Perry Meridian Middle School Annette D’Urso Garcia Indianapolis, IN Kearney Middle School Sharon Mitchell Commerce City, CO William D. Slider Middle School Clabe Webb El Paso, TX Permian High School Nerma Coats Henderson Ector County ISD Pickerington Lakeview Jr. Amy Morgan Odessa, TX High School Berry Middle School Pickerington, OH Hoover, AL Alison Welch William D.
Slider Middle School Lynne Huskey Norma Neely, EdD El Paso, TX Chase Middle School Associate Director for Regional Forest City, NC Projects Kim Wimpey Texas Rural Systemic Initiative North Gwinnett High School Maria E. Kelly Austin, TX Suwanee, GA Principal Nativity School Annette Parrott Kate Ziegler Catholic Diocese of Arlington Lakeside High School Durant Road Middle School Burke, VA Atlanta, GA Raleigh, NC Nora M. Prestinari Burchett Saint Luke School McLean, VA vi Teacher Advisory Board T he Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition. They provided valuable input in the development of the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green.
John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School Tucson, AZ Pickerington, OH Fort Worth, TX Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey Aptakisic Jr. High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr. High School Buffalo Grove, IL Springfield, OR Navasota, TX Roger Pratt Jeff Remington Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School Manistique, MI Palmyra, PA Kirtina Hile Erin Peters Northmor Jr. High/High School Williamsburg Middle School Galion, OH Arlington, VA Student Advisory Board T he Student Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the design of the Student Edition.
We thank these students for their hard work and creative suggestions in making the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green student friendly. Jack Andrews Addison Owen Reynoldsburg Jr. High School Davis Middle School Reynoldsburg, OH Dublin, OH Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School Upper Arlington, OH Columbus, OH Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School Worthington, OH Dublin, OH Kirsty Bateman Hilliard Heritage Middle School Hilliard, OH Andre Brown Spanish Emersion Academy Columbus, OH Chris Dundon Heritage Middle School Westerville, OH Ryan Manafee The Glencoe middle school science Student Monroe Middle School Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI, Columbus, OH a science museum in Columbus, Ohio. vii Why do I need my science book? Have you ever been in class and Before You Read not understood all of what was ● Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you, presented? Or, you understood and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the everything in class, but at home, science you will be learning about.
The Chapter got stuck on how to answer a Preview will give you an idea of what you will be question? Maybe you just learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to wondered when you were ever help get your brain headed in the right direction. The going to use this stuff? Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized. ● Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four These next few pages sections. The As You Read in the margin of the first are designed to help you page of each section will let you know what is most understand everything your important in the section.
It is divided into four parts. science book can be used What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you for. besides a paperweight! will be covering. Why It’s Important will remind you why you are studying this in the first place! The Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know, either from your science studies or your prior knowl- edge.
The New Vocabulary words are words that you need to learn to understand this section. These words will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the section. Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you are reading the section. Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter.
STEP 1 Fold a vertical As You Read sheet of notebook paper from side to ● Headings Each section has a title side. in large red letters, and is further divided into blue titles and STEP 2 Cut along every third line of only the small red titles at the begin- top layer to form tabs. nings of some paragraphs. To help you study, make an outline of the headings and subheadings.
● Margins In the margins of STEP 3 Label each tab with a vocabulary your text, you will find many helpful word from the chapter. The Science Online exercises and Integrate activities help you explore the topics you are studying. MiniLabs reinforce the sci- ence concepts you have learned. Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list the vocabulary words on the tabs.
As you learn ● Building Skills You also will find an the definitions, write them under the tab for Applying Math or Applying Science activity each vocabulary word. in each chapter. This gives you extra prac- tice using your new knowledge, and helps prepare you for standardized tests. ● Student Resources At the end of the book you will find Student Resources to help you throughout your studies.
These include Science, Technology, and Math Skill Hand- books, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an Index. Also, use your Foldables as a resource. It will help you organize information, and review before a test. ● In Class Remember, you can always At the beginning of ask your teacher to explain anything every section.
you don’t understand. ix In Lab Working in the laboratory is one of the best ways to understand the con- cepts you are studying. Your book will be your guide through your laboratory experiences, and help you begin to think like a scientist.