HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES --------------- NGUYEN QUOC TUAN EXPLORING THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN PARAGRAPH WRITING BY PRE-INTERMEDIATE EFL STUDENTS AT SOME LANGUAGE CENTERS IN VIETNAM MA THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, University of Foreign Languages, Hue University THUA THIEN HUE, 2021 HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES --------------- NGUYEN QUOC TUAN EXPLORING THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN PARAGRAPH WRITING BY PRE-INTERMEDIATE EFL STUDENTS AT SOME LANGUAGE CENTERS IN VIETNAM MA THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING CODE: 8140111 SUPERVISOR: DR. NGUYEN THI BAO TRANG THUA THIEN HUE, 2021 ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ --------------- NGUYỄN QUỐC TUẤN KHÁM PHÁ CÁCH SỬ DỤNG PHƯƠNG TIỆN LIÊN KẾT TRONG VIẾT ĐOẠN VĂN BỞI HỌC VIÊN HỌC TIẾNG ANH NHƯ NGÔN NGỮ NƯỚC NGOÀI Ở CẤP ĐỘ TIỀN TRUNG CẤP Ở MỘT SỐ TRUNG TÂM TIẾNG ANH Ở VIỆT NAM LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LÝ LUẬN VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP DẠY HỌC BỘ MÔN TIẾNG ANH MÃ SỐ: 8140111 NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: TS. NGUYỄN THỊ BẢO TRANG THUA THIEN HUE, 2021 STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree in any university. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, my thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself.
Signed: ………………………… Nguyen Quoc Tuan Date: ……/ ……/……… i ABSTRACT This research explores Vietnamese ELF pre-intermediate students’ use of cohesive devices in paragraph writing and the problems students faced while using these devices. Eighty Vietnamese EFL learners in four English classes in two English centers in Vietnam each wrote five paragraphs about five different topics via learning blogs. In total, 400 paragraphs were collected. The analysis of this research was based of Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) cohesion taxonomy to identify cohesive devices students used and the problems in using these devices.
Besides, the framework of error analysis by Ellis and Barkhuizen (2005) was also used to analyze the errors students committed while using cohesive devices. The results of the study show that students used all types of cohesive devices in their paragraph even though the majority of the cohesive devices used (90.7 %) were grammatical in nature; students used lexical cohesive means to a small extent (9. Of the grammatical cohesive types, use reference and conjunction was common; substitution and ellipsis were infrequently used. The errors with regards to using cohesive devices were mainly with reference (70.3%), followed by conjunction (22.6%) and lexical means (7.
Interference between Vietnamese and English, students’ reported lack of knowledge of grammar, of cohesive devices, lack of vocabulary, and ‘carelessness could help explain these errors. The study provides some practical implications for teaching writing with regards to using cohesive devices. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS .2 Scope of the study .3 Significance of the study .5 Organization of the study.
11 Chapter 2: Literature Review.1 The concept of cohesion .2 Cohesion and Coherence .3 Paragraph and cohesion in paragraph .1 Definitions of paragraph .2 The structure of a paragraph .3 Cohesion in paragraph .4 Errors and error analysis in language teaching and learning .1 Previous studies around the world .1 Researches on cohesion in essay.2 Research on cohesion in paragraphs.2 Related studies in Vietnam. 31 Chapter 3: Research Methodology .2 Data collection tools .1The writing tasks .1 Identifying cohesive devices .2 Analyzing errors with use of cohesive devices.3 Analyzing interview data. 41 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion.1 Student’s use of cohesive devices .1 Use of reference .1 The use of demonstrative reference .2 The use of personal reference .3 The use of comparative reference .2 The use of substitution devices. Students’ use of ellipsis devices .4 Use of conjunction .1 Use of additive conjunction .2 Use of adversative conjunction .3 Use of causal conjunction .1 Students’ use of temporal conjunctions .5 Students’ use of lexical cohesion .1 Types of reiteration lexical devices used by students .2 Difficulty students encountered in using cohesive devices.
52 in their paragraphwriting.1 Errors in the use of reference .1 Errors in the use of demonstrative reference .2 Errors in the use of personal reference.3 Errors in the use of comparative reference .2 Errors in the use of conjunction .1 Errors in students’ use of additive conjunction .2 Errors in students’ use of adversative conjunction .3 Errors in the use of lexical cohesion .1 Errors in the use of collocation .2 Errors in the use Reiteration .1 The students’ perceptions of the importance of cohesive devices in paragraph writing .2 The kinds of cohesive devices errors that students make in their paragraph writing .3 Students’ perceived causes of errors in their use of cohesive devices paragraph writing .4 Students’ suggestions to avoid cohesive devices errors in paragraph writing. 71 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications .1 Summary of the research .1 For the teachers.3 Limitations and suggestions for further research. 80 APPENDIX: QUESTIONS FOR INTERVIEW WITH STUDENTS. 85 vi List of Tables Table 1.
Frequency of cohesive devices used by students Table 2. Students’ use of reference Table 3. Students’ use of demonstrative reference Table 4. Students’ use of personal reference Table 5.
Students’ use of comparative reference Table 6. Students’ use of substitution devices Table 7. Students’ use of ellipsis devices Table 8. Students’ use of conjunction devices Table 9.
Types of additive conjunctions used by students Table 10. Types of adversative conjunction used by students Table 11. Types of causal conjunction used by students Table 12. Types of temporal conjunctions used by students Table 13.
Students’ use of lexical cohesion Table 14. Students’ use of types of reiteration lexical devices Table 15. The frequency of errors in students’ use of cohesive devices Table 16. The number of errors in students’ use of demonstrative reference Table 17.
Correct and incorrect the use of demonstrative reference Table 17. Correct and incorrect the use of demonstrative reference Table 18. The number of errors in students’ use of personal reference Table 19. Correct versus errors in the use of personal reference Table 20.
Correct versus errors in the use of comparative reference Table 21. Correct and incorrect in the use of additive conjunction vii Table 22. The number of errors in students’ use of additive conjunction Table 23. The number of errors in students’ use of adversative conjunction Table 24.
Correct versus errors in the use of adversative conjunction Table 25: The number of errors in students’ use of causal conjunction Table 26. Correct versus errors in the use of causal conjunction viii Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Rationale As far as we know, writing is one of the most challenging and difficult skills to master among four skills in language learning (Liu & Braine, 2005). It has become a concern to many English learners of many proficiency levels in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classes that the researchers have taught. In fact, Vietnamese EFL learners have studied English since primary school and continue their study until they get to college or university.
They may have knowledge of grammar but writing skill might still a challenge. After 3 years teaching English language, I have realized that many of my Vietnamese EFL students are frustrated and feel difficult to improve their writing skill. One of the challenging aspects is how to make satisfactory and logical connections of ideas when they write a paragraph or an essay, or how to use cohesive devices. This has personally motivated the researcher to conduct the present research into the use of cohesive devices in Vietnamese EFL students’ writing.
In a good writing text or paragraph, ideas are represented through connected sentences. Accordingly, helping English language learners understand and learn how to use cohesion is essential to produce good writings (Halliday & Hasan, 1976; Crossley & McNamara, 2010). Using cohesion properly would help learners to improve their writing ability by articulating their ideas systematically and logically. There are many studies conducted in the field of cohesion around the world (Yanti , 2012; Yang and Sun, 2012; Bahaziq, 2016; Chanyoo, 2018; Othman, 2019; Saputra & Hakim, 2020) but they tend to focus on essay writing and students in university.
In Vietnam, there is limited research related to cohesion and coherence in writing especially there are no study on the issue of cohesion in paragraph writing carried out 9 in English centers. Therefore, a study on cohesion in paragraph in English centers is necessary and responds to this empirical gap in extant research. The study is therefore to set out to investigate cohesive devices used by Vietnamese EFL pre- intermediate level students in their paragraph writing and explore the problems they may face while using them. The aim of the study This study aims to explore how Vietnamese EFL students in some language centers in Vietnam use cohesive devices in their paragraph writing with a focus on investigating i) the types of cohesive devices used, ii) the quality of cohesive devices used by them (errors related to cohesive devices) and iii) problems they encountered while using cohesive means in their written paragraphs.
This research hopes to provide pedagogical suggestions for both teachers and students in writing paragraph and inform further research 1.2 Scope of the study This investigation was carried out at two English language centers in Nha Trang city with 80 Vietnamese EFL students from a pre-intermediate level class which study fully four English skills. The study focuses on the use of cohesive devices in English paragraphs written by these participants and how they used them, and the challenges they encountered.3 Significance of the study This investigation is expected to contribute to our understanding of cohesive devices in paragraph writing and inform teaching paragraph writing for EFL students in language centers in Vietnam and other similar settings. For other researchers, this investigation could be used as a reference to provide implications for developing teacher’s syllabus, lesson plans, methods of teaching and 10 assessment in teaching paragraph writing for EFL pre-intermediate students. It is hoped that the findings of this research would be useful to teachers as well as learners in English.4 Research questions This study aims to answer the following research questions: 1.
What types of cohesive devices are used by Vietnamese pre-intermediate EFL students in paragraph writing? 2. What problems do these students face in using cohesive devices while writing paragraphs? 1.5 Organization of the study This research consists of the following chapters: Chapter one: Introduction gives an overview, sets the background of the thesis, the reasons for choosing this research topic, the significance and the scope of this research. Chapter Two: Literature review addresses key concepts, the theoretical background and reviews related research. Chapter Three: Research Methodology mainly describes the research design and approach along with the methods and instruments used to collect data for this thesis.
It then provides the procedure for analyzing data. Chapter Four: Findings and Discussions presents and discusses the findings of the study. Chapter Five: Conclusions and Implications provides a summary of overall results. It also provides some implications with the teaching suggestions for correcting the use of cohesive devices so that cohesive paragraph writing can be 11 produced in future writing teaching and learning.
Furthermore, it concludes the research paper with suggestions for further study. 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter focuses on the theoretical background and previous studies related to present research. It starts with the concept of cohesion and related terms.1 The concept of cohesion Research into cohesion and coherence has been grown tremendously in recent years. The introduction of Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) taxonomy about cohesion in English has drawn much attention to the cohesion and coherence research field.
Cohesion is generally understood as all the grammatical and lexical links that connects one part of the text to another.