*DELTA URAL»°ENGLISHs Ken Paterson Caroline Caygill Rebecca Sewell Includes audio CD A HANDBOOK OF Spoken Grammar STRATEGIES FOR SPEAKING NATURAL ENGLISH Ken Paterson Caroline Caygill and Rebecca Sewell DELTA Publishing Quince Cottage Hoe Lane Peaslake Surrey GU5 9SW England www.uk Text © Ken Paterson, Caroline Caygill and Rebecca Sewell Design and layout © Delta Publishing 2011 The right of Ken Paterson, Caroline Caygill and Rebecca Sewell to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission from the publishers or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P SHE. First published 2011 Edited by Tanya Whatling Designed by DJHunterDesign Cartoons by Adam Larkum/illustrationweb Cover design by DJHunterDesign Audio production by lan Harker Printed in Malta by Melita Press Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Nick Boisseau at DELTA for helping to transform an enthusiasm into a book, and Tanya Whatling, our editor, for her care and her incisive comments.
We would also like to acknowledge a debt to the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English by Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad and Finegan (Longman 1999) and to Ronald Carter and Michael McCarthy for all their work on spoken grammar, but specifically for the Cambridge Grammar of English (CUP 2006). ISBN 978-1-905085-54-5 CONTENTS Page Map of the book Introduction Unit Short questions for everyday conversations — Common structures with know and think 12 ` Modify meaning with actually, really, of course, etc. 16 C3 Improve your naming skills 20 +> Send signals with / mean, you see, you know, etc. 24 ƠI Use so and do to make effective responses 28 Ơ Sound more polite 32 >1 Be vague with thing/thingy, and things (like that), etc.
36 œ Be vague with sort of, kind of, a couple of, etc. 40 (œỒ Say less 44 œ — Exaggerate! 48 — —= How to use oh, ah, wow, ouch, etc. 52 DRmeas ` Make statements work as questions 56 C3 Report speech in a more immediate way 60 +> Use had better, have got to and be supposed to correctly 64 Oo Make short responses to agree or show interest 68 Add verb, adverb and adjective pairs 72 On Follow your partner 76 Put important things at the front 80 oo Put important things at the end 84 Key 88 MAP OF THE BOOK Rio quesfions for everyday conversations Quite often we only use the endings of A: More tea? questions, or we use very short questions B: Yes, please. Half a cup is fine, though.
with about or with prepositions. A: I've been looking for a new job. Any luck? _ Common structures with know and think Some short structures or patterns of words : | don’t know what to do today. are used again and again in spoken English B: Why don’t we have a game of tennis? as a ‘springboard’ for sentences.
A: Who paid for the hotel? I’m not sure. / think it was Jaci. In conversation we often do more than simply A: Are you actually going out in that rain? express a basic meaning. Sometimes, for B: Of course.
|'ve got to get to work, haven't |? example, we also show our ‘attitude’ to what. | shouldn't have criticised you like that in front of everyone. we're saying. B: It’s alright, really.
I’d rather people said what they thought. Improve your naming skills There are three main ways of addressing Where are we eating, guys? people: by first name; by title (e. Mr I’m not sure, Mike. They say the Italian place is good.
„>> Smith); and by general words such as Shall we meet at the cinema, Jay? guys. Is that okay with you, Pete? Send signals with / mean, you see, you know, etc. Sometimes, in conversation, we use a word A: .and then in the afternoon, we’re going to climb all three mountains. or short phrase to ‘signal’ the type of thing B: Right.
That sounds like fun. we're about to say or we've just said. A: But | thought you liked really spicy food. I've told you before.
Use so and do to make effective responses So and do have many uses in English. They A: Olivia and Jack are getting married. both play an important part, for example, B: Sol heard. It’s great news.
in the business of ‘connecting’ bits of A: Have you e-mailed your boss? conversation together. B Yes, | have done, but she hasn’t replied. Sound more polite Being polite means making your language Excuse me, | think you've dropped your gloves! OP less direct (often through past tenses) — and Oh dear! |'m always doing that. Thanks very much.
knowing how to respond to what other people You're welcome. Would you like a hand with your bags? say. |'m afraid they're quite heavy. Do you live round here? Be vague with thing/thingy, and things (like that), etc.
Spoken language is often vague. We don’t A: Look. I’ve got this thing on my leg. always have time to be precise — and being B: You poor thing, Sam.
Does it hurt? vague can be a more relaxed way of speaking a: What do you do in the evenings? _ to people. B: Play music, watch TV and things like that. Be vague with sort of, kind of, a couple of, etc. As mentioned in Unit 8, spoken language A: What happened to you yesterday? _ is often vague.
In this unit, we look at some B: | was feeling kind of ill, so | went home. more vague language. A: Are you looking forward to the weekend? B Sort of. I’ve got quite a lot of work to do, but | should get a break on Sunday.
Say less Ellipsis means leaving out (not saying) Are you feeling okay? 2 words when your meaning is clear without Got a headache again, |’m afraid. It is a natural part of conversation, Where are you? not only because it saves time, but also i On the train. _ because it ‘links’ what we say to what our _ partner has said. Exaggerafe Exaggerated language (sometimes called A: How’s it been? hyperbole) is very common in informal B: Really busy! Hundreds of people rang while you were out.
conversation, particularly amongst A: These shoes are killing me! teenagers, and when we're gossiping or B Don't worry. We'll be home soon. How to use oh, ah, wow, ouch, etc. There are a number of words — sometimes A: The problem is that my flat’s too small.
called interjections— that we use regularly in B: Oh, | see. Well, Sue can stay with me, if you like. conversation, but hardly ever write down. A: Anyway, | decided to treat myself to a new dress.
What do you think? B: Wow! It’s gorgeous. Make statements work as questions To make a statement into a question, we A: Scott’s booked a table for 6p. normally change the word order, or use do/ B: We're eating before the play? does/did or a question tag. But it isn’t always a: we'll pick Mike up on the way.
B: Mike’s coming, too? Report speech in a more immediate way Reporting speech normally involves a process A: How did it go? of changing tenses, pronouns and time and B: Not very well. | started by saying to him, ‘Look, if we don’t find a way place words. In this unit, we focus instead on of working together, we'll never get the product launch ready in time.’ a simpler way — and a special use of the past And he said, ‘Oh, | didn’t know we had a problem.’ So | said, ‘Well, continuous. you haven't replied to any of my last three e-mails.’ Use had better, have got to and be supposed to correctly Three modal verb phrases, which you will A: Aren't you supposed to be at work? have seen before, are much more common B: It’s okay.
My boss gave me the afternoon off. I’ve got to do a in conversation than in written English: had presentation tomorrow for some clients. The phone was ringing all the better, have got to and be supposed to. time, so she said |’d better go home and finish it off there.
Make short responses to agree or show interest The way in which we respond to what people A: We can have a pizza before the film. Say is one of the most important parts of B: Great. In this unit, we look Tim's coming to the match. at using adjectives, adverbs and very short B: Excellent.
| haven't seen him for ages. Add verb, adverb and adjective pairs In conversation we sometimes like to use Are you going to come and get this food while it’s hot? verbs, adverbs and adjectives in pairs, Try and do some tidying while we’re out. It’s your turn. linked by and.
With verbs and adverbs, It’s great here! All the shops are nice and close. _ it adds a sense of action and movement; There are a few mistakes here and there, but it’s a good essay in general. with adjectives, it adds emphasis to a description. Follow your partner Conversation, unlike writing, is interactive.
In They shouldn't keep people waiting like this. o> this unit, we'll look at ways in which people You're right. link what they say directly to the sentence I'm full. That was a beautiful meal.
they’ve just heard in a conversation. oP Gorgeous, wasn’t it? Do you want some coffee? Put important things at the front In conversation, we can sometimes change My new trainers, | can’t find them anywhere. o> w> the regular order of words to put emphasis Have you looked under the sofa? on particular parts of the sentence. Here This DVD player, is it the cheapest one you’ve got? _ we look at ‘heads’: things we take from No, madam.
But it’s one of the most popular. _ their normal place and put at the front of sentences. Put important things at the end In this unit, we look at ‘tails’: things we take A: They're rather good, these sardines. How's your curry? from their normal place and put at the end of B: Actually, I’m not very hungry.
I’m feeling a bit tense. A: Well, this is your chance to relax, this meal with me. | know you're worrying about your sister again. But try to be positive.
She’ll be okay, Sophie will. INTRODUCTION A Handbook of Spoken Grammar is a study book for intermediate to upper-intermediate students. Each unit presents one feature of spoken grammar, explains how it works and then practises it in a variety of natural conversational settings. Spoken grammar can perhaps be defined as ‘elements of natural conversation that have always existed, but have often been excluded from the traditional grammar syllabus.’ Recent research has begun to identify and describe this language.
The authors of this book have selected the features that they believe will be most useful to learners of English. Spoken grammar is not the same as ‘slang’. Most of the language in this book can be used in everyday conversations with all types of people — but when a certain item is particularly informal, we say so. Short recorded dialogues throughout the book help in the matter of stress and intonation.
Why learn spoken grammar? e The features of spoken grammar help to create an easy-going, natural kind of English that is used at college and work these days, as well as with family and friends. e Spoken grammar is often an economical grammar. For example, it’s quicker to say, Any messages? or Any luck? than, Are there any messages?