UBND THANH PHO HAI PHONG TRUONG DAI HOC HAI PHONG GIÁO TRÌNH NGỮ NGHĨA HOC TIENG ANH Mã số: GT.04 Chủ biên: TS. Đỉnh Minh Thu Thành viên: ThS. Đặng Thị Mai Nga Đơn vị: Khoa Ngoại Ngữ Hải Phòng, năm 2024 MỤC LỤC PREFACE 1 Chaprer I. INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTTICS.
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73 REFERENCES 76 1 PREFACE Language is actualised in sound, form and meaning, which correspond to three linguistic branches of phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, and semantics and pragmatics. Hence, semantics is a universal linguistics science in language-majored programmes. The subject enables students to approach and conquer the meaning of language on a scientific basis, strongly supporting their appropriate comprehension and production of language. The present textbook of semantics was designed specifically for the English-majored students at the Foreign Language Department at Haiphong Univesity to meet their learning needs.
On exploiting the coursebook, the students are required to have firm knowledge of phonetics and phonology, morphology and syntax, accompanied with positive and life-long learning attitudes. Those support their acquisition of the system of meanings presented herein. The coursebook is composed of six chapters: Chapter 1: Introduction to semantics Chapter 2: Word meaning Chapter 3: Dimensions of word meaning Chapter 4: Sense relations Chapter 5: Sentence meaning Chapter 6: Utterance meaning The coursebook introduces various concepts and components of meaning in language, then presents sophisticated meaning of words and sentences. Each chapter moves from theory to exercises to help students reflect and consolidate the knowledge.
The authors of the book are as follows TT Ho va tén Nội dung biên soạn cụ thể được giao 1. Đinh Minh Thu Lời mở dau, Chuong L3, biên tập, chỉnh sửa toàn bộ nội dung giáo trình. Đặng Thị MaiNga | Chương 4— 5—6 Despite our effort, limitations are unavoidable. Reccomendations can be sent to the email address: thudm @dhhp.vn Hai Phong, ngay 20 thang 4 nam 2024 Chapter 1.
INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTICS Chapter | introduces the primary concepts of semantics, theories of meaning, semantic properties, lexical meaning and grammatical meaning, sentence meaning and utterance meaning. Theories are consolidated and applied into practice via exercises at the end of the chapter. SEMANTICS AND ITS SUBJECT MATTER 1. Definition of semantics Generally stated, semantics is the study of meaning.
According to Lyons (1995: viii) “Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning in so far as it is systematically encoded in the vocabulary and grammar of natural languages.” He also classifies meaning into two types which are literal and non-literal meaning. The literal meaning (focused in Semantics) represents a state of affairs or situation in the possible world, while non-literal meaning (focused in Pragmatics) expresses the speaker’s and hearer’s meaning as encoded and decoded in a speech event.: Learning is a lifelong journey. The literal meaning of the word “journey” refers to an act of travelling from one place to another one, especially in a vehicle!. In this sentence, it goes beyond that meaning, referring to the movement of knowledge accumulation over a person’s life.
As Frawley (1992) states, linguistic semantics is the study of literal, decontextualized, grammatical meaning. His viewpoint echoes with Lyon’s while adding the grammar and removing the context. Definition of meaning Meaning is discussed by many philosophers like Austin, Grice and Wittgensttein. Meaning can be defined as the convergence of three points: language, mind and world, which is visualized in Figure 1-1.
The lines connecting language, mind and world represent relations which in one way or another constitute the meaningfulness of language. The mind- world connection studies such things as perception, actions, the mind’s bodily constitution and intentionality. In other words, it refers to what the mind thinks about the world. The mind-language connection says that using and ! Cambridge Dictionary 3 understanding language is a mental activity and this activity is what meaningful language exists for.
That is the way mind invests meaning in language. Finally, the language-world relation maintains that language is the medium by which we describe and explain reality. Language Mind World For example, the meaning of the word “university” can only be explicit when there exists the word “university” (language) and the word is represented in the possibe world as a building or an educational institution (world). Then to actualise it, someone must utter it and someone must get it (mind).
In communication, the question “What does it mean?” is asked when there is a lack of the link among language - world - mind. Someone cannot understand the meaning of a word if he cannot link it to some concrete item or abstract concept in the world. For example, “heureusement” may be a word which causes difficulty in understanding for the listener. Role of semantics Semantics, as mentioned, is the systematic study of meaning or the way the language organizes and expresses meaning.
It deals with word meaning, sentence meaning and utterance meaning. The meaning relationship among and across these units are captured in this science. For example, the word “watch” can be a verb of looking at something for a period of time or a noun of a small clock worn around the wrist. THEORIES OF MEANING 1.
The referential theory The referential theory has another name as the denotational theory. It states that the meaning of an expression is what it refers to, denotes or stands for. For example, the word “student” refers to either the general class of students or the necessary property which they all share. The ideational theory The ideational theory or mentalist theory defines the meaning of an expression as the idea or concept, associated with it in the mind of anyone who knows and understands the expression.
Thought Symbol Referent This triangle which takes another name as the semiotic or semantic triangle presents that the relation of between a symbol/ sign (actually the word) and referent is mediated by concepts. In the conceptual view, meaning is an indirect association between the symbol and the referent. The behaviorist theory The behaviorist theory says that the meaning of an expression is either the stimulus that evokes it or the response that it evokes, or a combination of both on particular occasions of utterance. The meaning-is-use theory The theory is the combination of J.
Austin & Searle’s speech act theory and Witgensteinian’s theory of meaning. The meaning of an expression is determined by, if not identical with, its use in the language. A speech act can perform various types of acts: 5 (i) A locutionary act is actually the act of making an utterance according to the rules of a given language. (ii) An illocutionary act assigns the speaker’s intended meaning or intend to the utterance he or she make.
(iii) A perlocutionary act is the effect of saying. There is a snake in the corner. The verificationist theory The meaning of an expression is, if it has one, determined by the verification of the sentences, or propositions, containing it. Pigs can fly.
The truth-condition theory The meaning of an expression is its contribution to the truth-conditions of the sentence containing it. The main ideas of the theory are the meaning of a sentence is the conditions under which it is true. The meanings of the parts of a sentence lie in their contribution to the truth conditions.g: John Smith is unmarried. The theory requires that there exists a person named John, and he is not married.
SEMANTICS PROPERTIES Word meaning can be subdivided into different parts called semantic properties. They can be used to define the meanings of the word. This method is called “componential method” E.: dog: old, quadruped Words dog puppy cat kitten hen chick S. old + - + - + - young - + - + - + biped - - - - + + quadruped + + + + - - winged - - - - + + One word can have different semantic features or properties and one semantic property may be part of the meaning of different words.
These features are used to define the meaning of a word. Semantic properties can be subdivided into two types: (i) Distinguisher: reflect different senses among the words. (ii) Marker: reflect the same senses among the words. In the example above, “biped” is the marker for both “hen” and “chick”, but “young/old” is the distinguisher.
COMPONENTS OF WORD MEANING 1. Denotation Denotation or denotative/ denotational meaning is the ability to denote things or concepts. It is described in terms of a set of semantic properties which serve to identify a particular concept. Denotation can be classified into two types.
(i) Conceptual meaning (significant denotation): denotes a concept or an abstract thing. For example, the word “dog” contains a set of semantic meanings like animated, quadruped, domesticated, etc. (ii) Referential meaning (demonstrative meaning): denotes individual objects. 7 For example, the word “dog” in two following sentences have different meanings: “I want to have a dog.” and “My dog is so cute.