more information - www.org/9780521764056 Gas Turbine Emissions The development of clean, sustainable energy systems is one of the grand challenges of our time. Most projections indicate that combustion-based energy conversion systems will remain the predominant approach for the majority of our energy usage. Moreover, gas turbines will remain a very significant technology for many decades to come, whether for aircraft propulsion, power generation, or mechanical drive applications. This book compiles the key scientific and technological knowledge associated with gas turbine emis- sions into a single authoritative source.
The book has three parts: the first part reviews major issues with gas turbine combustion, including design approaches and constraints, within the context of emissions. The second part addresses fundamental issues associated with pollutant formation, modeling, and prediction. The third part features case studies from manufacturers and technology developers, emphasizing the system-level and prac- tical issues that must be addressed in developing different types of gas turbines that emit pollutants at acceptable levels. Lieuwen is professor of aerospace engineering and executive director of the Strategic Energy Institute at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Lieuwen has authored one textbook, edited two books, written seven book chapters and more than 200 papers, and received three patents. He chaired the Combustion and Fuels Committee of the International Gas Turbine Institute of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). He is also on the Propellants and Combustion Technical Committee of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), and he previously served on the AIAA Air Breathing Propulsion Technical Committee. He has served on a variety of major panels and committees through the National Research Council, Department of Energy, NASA, General Accounting Office, and Department of Defense.
Lieuwen is the editor in chief of the AIAA Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics series and is serving or has served as an associate editor of the Journal of Propulsion and Power, Combustion Science and Technology, and the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. Lieuwen is a Fellow of the ASME and received the AIAA Lawrence Sperry Award and the ASME Westinghouse Silver Medal. Other recognitions include ASME best paper awards, the Sigma Xi Young Faculty Award, and the NSF CAREER award. Vigor Yang is the William R.
Oakes Professor and chair of the School of Aerospace Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Prior to joining the faculty at Georgia Tech, he was the John L. McCain Chair in Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University. His research interests include combustion instabilities in propulsion systems, chemically reacting flows in air-breathing and rocket engines, com- bustion of energetic materials, and high-pressure thermodynamics and transport.
Yang has supervised more than forty PhD and fifteen MS theses. He is the author or coauthor of more than 300 technical papers in the areas of propulsion and combustion and has pub- lished ten comprehensive volumes on rocket and air-breathing propulsion. He received the Penn State Engineering Society Premier Research Award and several publication and technical awards from AIAA, including the Air-Breathing Propulsion Award (2005), the Pendray Aerospace Literature Award (2008), and the Propellants and Combustion Award (2009). Yang was the editor in chief of the AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power (2001–9) and is currently the editor in chief of the JANNAF Journal of Propulsion and Energetics (since 2009) and coeditor of the Cambridge Aerospace Series.
He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and Royal Aeronautical Society. Cambridge Aerospace Series Editors: Wei Shyy and Vigor Yang 1. Berlin: The Geostationary Applications Satellite 3. Smith: Aircraft Noise 4.
Vinh: Flight Mechanics of High-Performance Aircraft 5. Birdsall: Aircraft Performance 6. Larrabee: Airplane Stability and Control 7. Sidi: Spacecraft Dynamics and Control 8.
Anderson: A History of Aerodynamics 9. Patrick: Principles of Space Instrument Design 10.): Airship Technology, Second Edition 11. Fielding: Introduction to Aircraft Design 12. Leishman: Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, Second Edition 13.
Plotkin: Low-Speed Aerodynamics, Second Edition 14. Larrabee: Airplane Stability and Control: A History of the Technologies that Made Aviation Possible, Second Edition 15. Pierce: Introduction to Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, Second Edition 16. Fehse: Automatic Rendezvous and Docking of Spacecraft 17.
Flack: Fundamentals of Jet Propulsion with Applications 18. Baskharone: Principles of Turbomachinery in Air-Breathing Engines 19. Knight: Numerical Methods for High-Speed Flows 20.): Large-Eddy Simulation for Acoustics 21. Wang: Potential Flows of Viscous and Viscoelastic Fluids 22.
Viieru: Aerodynamics of Low Reynolds Number Flyers 23. Saleh: Analyses for Durability and System Design Lifetime 24. Donaldson: Analysis of Aircraft Structures, Second Edition 25. Segal: The Scramjet Engine: Processes and Characteristics 26.
Doyle: Guided Explorations of the Mechanics of Solids and Structures 27. Kundu: Aircraft Design 28. Lees: Dynamics of Rotating Machines 29.): Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization 30. Westerweel: Particle Image Velocimetry 31.
Roach: Basic Aerodynamics 32. Harvey: Shock Wave–Boundary-Layer Interactions 33. Tam: Computational Aeroacoustics: A Wave Number Approach 34. Filippone: Advanced Aircraft Flight Performance 35.
Sirohi: Smart Structures Theory 36. Johnson: Rotorcraft Aeromechanics 37. Liu: An Introduction to Flapping Wing Aerodynamics 38.): Gas Turbine Emissions Gas Turbine Emissions Edited by Timothy C. Lieuwen Georgia Institute of Technology Vigor Yang Georgia Institute of Technology cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.org Information on this title: www.
Lieuwen and Vigor Yang 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Lieuwen, Timothy C.
Gas turbine emissions / Timothy C. Lieuwen, Vigor Yang. – (Cambridge aerospace series; 38) Includes bibliographical references and index.╇ Gas-turbines – Environmental aspects.╇ Gas-turbines – Combustion.╇ Combustion gases – Environmental aspects.43′3–dc23â•…â•…â•… 2012051616 ISBN 978-0-521-76405-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents List of Contributors page ix Foreword by Alan H.
Epstein xi Preface xv Part 1 Overview and Key Issues 1 Aero Gas Turbine Combustion: Metrics, Constraints, and System Interactions. McKinney and James B. Hoke 2 Ground-Based Gas Turbine Combustion: Metrics, Constraints, and System Interactions. 24 Vincent McDonell and Manfred Klein 3 Overview of Worldwide Aircraft Regulatory Framework.
81 Willard Dodds 4 Overview of Worldwide Ground-Based Regulatory Framework. 95 Manfred Klein Part 2 Fundamentals and Modeling: Production and Control 5 Particulate Formation. Colket III 6 Gaseous Aerosol Precursors. Miake-Lye 7 NOx and CO Formation and Control.
175 Ponnuthurai Gokulakrishnan and Michael S. Klassen 8 Emissions from Oxyfueled or High-Exhaust Gas Recirculation Turbines. 209 Alberto Amato, Jerry M. Seitzman, and Timothy C.
Lieuwen vii viii Contents Part 3 Case Studies and Specific Technologies: Pollutant Trends and Key Drivers 9 Partially Premixed and Premixed Aero Engine Combustors. 237 Christoph Hassa 10 Industrial Combustors: Conventional, Non-premixed, and Dry Low Emissions (DLN). 290 Thomas Sattelmayer, Adnan Eroglu, Michael Koenig, Werner Krebs, and Geoff Myers Index 363 Contributors Alberto Amato, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U. Colket III, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut, U.
Willard Dodds, General Electric Aviation Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, U. Epstein, Pratt & Whitney Company, East Hartford, Connecticut, U. Adnan Eroglu, Alstom Power, Inc., Baden, Switzerland Ponnuthurai Gokulakrishnan, Combustion Science & Engineering, Inc. Christoph Hassa, German Aerospace Center, DLR, Linder Hoehe, Cologne, Germany James B.
Hoke, Pratt & Whitney Company, East Hartford, Connecticut, U. Klassen, Combustion Science & Engineering, Inc. Manfred Klein, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Michael Koenig, Siemens Energy Inc. Werner Krebs, Siemens AG, Fossil Power Generation Division, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany Timothy C.
Lieuwen, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U. Vincent McDonell, University of California, Irvine, California, U. McKinney, Pratt & Whitney Company, East Hartford, Connecticut, U. Miake-Lye, Aerodyne Research, Inc.
Geoff Myers, GE Energy Company, Greenville, South Carolina, U. Thomas Sattelmayer, Technische Universität München, Garching, München, Germany Jerry M. Seitzman, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U. ix Foreword Alan H.
Epstein When I first became interested in jet engines, smoke trails from the then ultramodern Boeing 707s were an arresting feature of that modern world. Ten years later, smoke was regulated and the U. Federal Aviation Administration had canceled the Boeing 2707 supersonic airliner program in the midst of growing environmental concerns. Back in the early 1960s, ground-based gas turbines were a very small business and concern for the environment was only minor.
Over the five decades since the 707, the role of gas turbines in our society has greatly expanded, and con- cern regarding their emissions has grown even faster. Now, the electric power gen- eration gas turbine business has outgrown that of aircraft engines and emissions have become a market discriminator. Indeed, large fortunes have been won and lost on the basis of the emissions performance of land-based gas turbine engines. On the aero engine side, emissions performance is now featured in engine market- ing campaigns.
Combustion emissions might be thought an arcane topic. It is certainly complex. It is also of great importance to our society given the dominance of gas turbines for aircraft propulsion and power generation. There are three, basically indepen- dent, complicated problems associated with gas turbine emissions – the design of low-emissions combustors, the prediction of the effects of emissions on human health and the global environment, and the formulation of balanced and effec- tive policy and regulation.
These challenges are important to three very different groups – technical folk, businesspeople, and policy makers and regulators. This book will be of interest to them all. For the technical community, the science of how emissions are generated in a gas turbine combustor and their interactions with the atmosphere has always been a fascinating but challenging subject. The relatively recent concern for climate change has increased the complexity of the atmospheric science problem, especially for air- craft engines, from one mainly concerned with local air quality at low altitude to more complex interactions at the tropopause and in the stratosphere.
During the last fifty years, design engineers have risen to the environmental challenge by realizing combustors with much lower emissions while at the same time significantly increas- ing reliability and life. One important aspect of combustor engineering, however, has xi xii Foreword not changed over this time – we still do not have the technology needed to predict gas turbine emissions from first principles. The lack of first principles capabilities drives up product development costs and business risk. Policy makers and regulators, who are not necessarily technical experts in the fields they regulate, face interesting challenges as well.
These can be grouped into three general categories – technical, political, and diplomatic. Technical questions include, for example, consideration of currently unregulated emissions such as very small particulates and CO2, as well as the role uncertainty plays in resolving con- flicting requirements such as NOx and CO2. Political challenges abound and include issues such as how to best balance environmental protection with economic growth and how to balance local air quality with global climate change. Gas turbine emis- sions have also become a major diplomatic challenge.
Aviation is the most interna- tional of endeavors, both in manufacture and operation. Most engines have parts and major subsections designed and manufactured in several countries. Aircraft take off and land in different countries thousands of times a day and so fall under the pur- view of more than one regulator. It is critical to the efficient operation of the world’s air transportation system that regulations be harmonized across the globe.
This is the job of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a branch of the United Nations with 189 member states. Getting 189 countries to agree on anything has never been easily or quickly achieved.