SHIP RESISTANCE AND PROPULSION Second Edition This second edition provides a comprehensive and scientific approach to evaluating ship resistance and propulsion. Written by experts in the field, it includes the latest develop- ments in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), experimental techniques and guidance for the practical estimation of ship propulsive power. It addresses the increasing empha- sis on improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions, including the introduction of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). The text also includes sufficient published standard series data for hull resistance and propeller performance to enable practitioners to make ship power predictions based on material and data within the book, and numer- ous fully worked examples illustrate applications for cargo and container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, ferries, warships, work boats, planing craft, yachts, hydrofoils, submarines and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs).
The book is ideal for practising naval architects and marine engineers, sea-going officers, small craft designers, undergraduate and postgraduate students, and professionals in transportation, transport efficiency and eco-logistics. Molland is Emeritus Professor of Ship Design at the University of Southamp- ton. For many years, Professor Molland has extensively researched and published papers on ship design and ship hydrodynamics, including propellers and ship resistance com- ponents, ship rudders and control surfaces. He also acts as a consultant to industry in these subject areas and has gained international recognition through presentations at conferences and membership of committees of the International Towing Tank Confer- ence (ITTC).
Professor Molland is co-author of Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces (2007) and editor of the Maritime Engineering Reference Book (2008). Turnock is Professor of Maritime Fluid Dynamics at the University of Southampton. Professor Turnock lectures on many subjects, including ship resistance and propulsion, powercraft performance, marine renewable energy and applications of CFD. His research encompasses both experimental and theoretical work on energy efficiency of shipping, performance sport, underwater systems and renewable energy devices, together with the application of CFD for the design of propulsion systems and control surfaces.
He acts as a consultant to industry, and was on committees of the ITTC and the International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress (ISSC). Professor Turnock is co-author of Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces (2007). Hudson is Shell Professor of Ship Safety and Efficiency at the University of Southampton. Professor Hudson lectures on ship resistance and propulsion, powercraft performance and design, recreational and high-speed craft, and ship design.
His research interests are in all areas of ship hydrodynamics, including experimental and theoretical work on ship resistance components, seakeeping and manoeuvring, together with energy- efficient ship design and operation. He was a member of the ISSC Committee on Sailing Yacht Design and is a member of the 28th ITTC Specialist Committee on Performance of Ships in Service, having previously served on the ITTC Seakeeping and High Speed Craft Committees. 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.com 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Ship Resistance and Propulsion PRACTICAL ESTIMATION OF SHIP PROPULSIVE POWER Second edition Anthony F. Molland University of Southampton Stephen R.
Turnock University of Southampton Dominic A. Hudson University of Southampton 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.com University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi - 110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06-04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.org Information on this title: www. Turnock, and Dominic A.
Hudson 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Second edition 2017 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Molland, Anthony F. Ship resistance and propulsion : practical estimation of ship propulsive power / Anthony F.
Includes bibliographical references and index. Ship resistance – Mathematical models. Ship propulsion – Mathematical models.8 12–dc22 2011002620 ISBN 978-1-107-14206-0 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. 15:50:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Contents Preface to the Second Edition page xvii Preface to the First Edition xix Nomenclature xxi Abbreviations xxv Figure Acknowledgements xxix 1 Introduction 1 History 1 Powering: Overall Concept 3 Improvements in Efficiency 3 references (chapter 1) 5 2 Propulsive Power 7 2.1 Components of Propulsive Power 7 2.4 Components of the Ship Power Estimate 10 3 Components of Hull Resistance 12 3.1 Physical Components of Main Hull Resistance 12 3.2 Momentum Analysis of Flow Around Hull 18 3.3 Systems of Coefficients Used in Ship Powering 21 3.4 Measurement of Model Total Resistance 23 3.5 Transverse Wave Interference 29 3.6 Dimensional Analysis and Scaling 33 3.2 Other Drag Components 37 3.2 Air Resistance of Hull and Superstructure 46 3.3 Roughness and Fouling 52 3.4 Wind and Waves 57 3.5 Service Power Margins 64 references (chapter 3) 65 v 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.com vi Contents 4 Model–Ship Extrapolation 70 4.1 Practical Scaling Methods 70 4.1 Traditional Approach: Froude 70 4.2 Form Factor Approach: Hughes 71 4.3 Flat Plate Friction Formulae 73 4.3 The ITTC Formula 79 4.4 Other Proposals for Friction Lines 80 4.4 Derivation of Form Factor (1 + k) 80 4.4 Effects of Shallow Water 84 references (chapter 4) 84 5 Model–Ship Correlation 86 5.2 ITTC1978 Performance Prediction Method 88 5.3 Ship Speed Trials and Analysis 91 5.4 Trials Procedures and Measurements 92 5.6 Analysis of Correlation Factors and Wake Fraction 96 5.8 Updated Ship Speed Trials Procedures 97 references (chapter 5) 100 6 Restricted Water Depth and Breadth 102 6.1 Shallow Water Effects 102 6.3 Blockage Speed Corrections 105 6.5 Wave Wash 108 references (chapter 6) 110 7 Measurement of Resistance Components 113 7.2 Need for Physical Measurements 113 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Contents vii 7.3 Physical Measurements of Resistance Components 115 7.1 Skin Friction Resistance 115 7.4 Flow Field Measurement Techniques 141 7.1 Hot-Wire Anemometry 142 7.2 Five-Hole Pitôt Probe 142 7.4 Laser-Based Techniques 144 7.5 Summary 146 references (chapter 7) 147 8 Wake and Thrust Deduction 149 8.3 Relative Rotative Efficiency ηR 150 8.2 Origins of Wake 150 8.1 Potential Wake: wP 150 8.2 Frictional Wake: wF 151 8.3 Wave Wake: wW 151 8.3 Nominal and Effective Wake 151 8.2 Circumferential Distribution of Wake 153 8.3 Radial Distribution of Wake 153 8.4 Analysis of Detailed Wake Measurements 155 8.5 Detailed Physical Measurements of Wake 155 8.1 Circumferential Average Wake 155 8.6 Computational Fluid Dynamics Predictions of Wake 156 8.7 Model Self-Propulsion Experiments 156 8.3 Propeller Open Water Tests 157 8.4 Model Self-Propulsion Tests 157 8.6 Wake Scale Effects 160 8.8 Empirical Data for Wake Fraction and Thrust Deduction Factor 161 8.4 Effects of Speed and Ballast Condition 167 8.9 Effects of Shallow Water 167 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.com viii Contents 8.1 Origins of Tangential Wake 168 8.2 Effects of Tangential Wake 168 8.11 Submarine and AUV Wake and Thrust Deduction 169 8.1 Submarine and AUV Wake 169 8.2 Submarine and AUV Thrust Deduction 171 8.3 Submarine and AUV Relative Rotative Efficiency 171 references (chapter 8) 171 9 Numerical Estimation of Ship Resistance 174 9.1 Navier–Stokes Equations 176 9.2 Incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes Equations (RANS) 177 9.4 Interpretation of Numerical Methods 181 9.2 Validation of Applied CFD Methodology 183 9.3 Access to CFD 185 9.5 Thin Ship Theory 186 9.2 Distribution of Sources 187 9.3 Modifications to the Basic Theory 187 9.6 Estimation of Ship Self-Propulsion Using RANS 188 9.6 Added Resistance in Waves 194 9.7 Summary 195 references (chapter 9) 195 10 Resistance Design Data 198 10.1 Standard Series Data 198 10.2 Other Resistance Data 200 10.3 Regression Analysis of Resistance Data 200 10.3 Selected Design Data 202 10.2 Semi-Displacement Craft 218 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Contents ix 10.7 Submarines and AUVs 245 10.4 Wetted Surface Area 252 10.3 Semi-Displacement Ships, Round-Bilge Forms 253 10.4 Semi-Displacement Ships, Double-Chine Forms 256 10.5 Planing Hulls, Single Chine 256 10.6 Yacht Forms 257 references (chapter 10) 257 11 Propulsor Types 264 11.1 Basic Requirements: Thrust and Momentum Changes 264 11.2 Levels of Efficiency 264 11.3 Summary of Propulsor Types 265 11.2 Controllable Pitch Propeller (CP Propeller) 266 11.4 Contra-Rotating Propellers 268 11.7 Podded Azimuthing Propellers 270 11.13 Lateral Thrust Units 273 11.14 Other Propulsors 274 references (chapter 11) 275 12 Propeller Characteristics 277 12.1 Propeller Geometry, Coefficients, Characteristics 277 12.2 Dimensional Analysis and Propeller Coefficients 282 12.3 Presentation of Propeller Data 282 12.4 Measurement of Propeller Characteristics 283 12.3 Subcavitating Pressure Distributions 289 12.4 Propeller Section Types 291 12.5 Cavitation Limits 291 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.6 Effects of Cavitation on Thrust and Torque 294 12.8 Avoidance of Cavitation 298 12.9 Preliminary Blade Area – Cavitation Check 298 12.10 Example: Estimate of Blade Area 300 12.3 Propeller Blade Strength Estimates 301 12.2 Preliminary Estimates of Blade Root Thickness 301 12.3 Methods of Estimating Propeller Stresses 302 12.4 Propeller Strength Calculations Using Simple Beam Theory 303 12.4 Shape-Adaptive Foils 310 references (chapter 12) 310 13 Powering Process 313 13.1 Selection of Marine Propulsion Machinery 313 13.1 Selection of Machinery: Main Factors to Consider 313 13.2 Propulsion Plants Available 313 13.2 Propeller–Engine Matching 316 13.2 Controllable Pitch Propeller (CP Propeller) 318 13.3 The Multi-Engined Plant 319 13.3 Propeller Off-Design Performance 320 13.2 Off-Design Cases: Examples 321 13.4 Voyage Analysis and In-Service Monitoring 323 13.2 Data Required and Methods of Obtaining Data 324 13.3 Methods of Analysis 324 13.4 Limitations in Methods of Logging and Data Available 327 13.5 Developments in Voyage Analysis 328 13.6 Further Data Monitoring and Logging 328 13.5 Dynamic Positioning 329 references (chapter 13) 330 14 Hull Form Design 332 14.3 Choice of Main Hull Parameters 333 14.4 Choice of Hull Shape 337 14.1 Basic Requirements of Fore End Design 341 14.3 Aft End 347 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at Contents xi 14.1 Basic Requirements of Aft End Design 347 14.2 Stern Hull Geometry to Suit Podded Units 350 14.3 Shallow Draught Vessels 352 14.4 Influence of Hull Form on Seakeeping 353 14.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods Applied to Hull Form Design 354 references (chapter 14) 355 15 Numerical Methods for Propeller Analysis 359 15.2 Historical Development of Numerical Methods 359 15.3 Hierarchy of Methods 360 15.4 Guidance Notes on the Application of Techniques 361 15.1 Blade Element-Momentum Theory 361 15.2 Lifting Line Theories 362 15.3 Surface Panel Methods 362 15.4 Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes 364 15.5 Blade Element-Momentum Theory 365 15.3 Blade Element Equations 369 15.4 Inflow Factors Derived from Section Efficiency 371 15.5 Typical Distributions of a, a and dKT /dx 373 15.6 Section Design Parameters 373 15.7 Lifting Surface Flow Curvature Effects 374 15.8 Calculations of Curvature Corrections 375 15.9 Algorithm for Blade Element-Momentum Theory 377 15.6 Propeller Wake Adaption 378 15.2 Optimum Spanwise Loading 379 15.3 Optimum Diameters with Wake-Adapted Propellers 381 15.7 Effect of Tangential Wake 382 15.8 Examples Using Blade Element-Momentum Theory 383 15.9 Numerical Prediction of Cavitation 388 15.10 Assessment of Propeller Noise 390 15.11 Summary 391 references (chapter 15) 391 16 Propulsor Design Data 395 16.2 Number of Propeller Blades 395 16.2 Propulsor Data 397 15:47:06, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at www.com xii Contents 16.2 Controllable Pitch Propellers 415 16.7 Surface-Piercing Propellers 425 16.
