Rationale of the Study The Communicative Approach to language teaching has been a prominent feature in Second Language (SL) or Foreign Language (FL) contexts. This approach leads to developing learners‟ communicative competence. That is, learners develop the ability to use language appropriately in a given situation (Larsen-Freeman, 1986, p. To develop learners‟ communicative competence is a complex process in which learners need to acquire what are suggested by Canale & Swain (1980, p.
28), namely grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence and strategic competence. Of the four competences, strategic competence plays an important role in maintaining communication using the target language despite the imperfect linguistic competence and other factors, such as fatigue and distraction (Savignon, 1983, p. Communication strategies are considered as central to the strategic competence. According to Canale and Swain (1980, p.
30), Communication strategies are defined as “verbal and non-verbal communication strategies that may be called into action to compensate for breakdowns in communication due to performance variables or to insufficient competence”. These strategies consist of approximation, word coinage, circumlocution, literal translation, language switch, appeal for assistance, mime, topic avoidance, and message abandonment. That is to say, when encountering communication difficulties, such as the lack of required words and structures, speakers use communication strategies to get their intended meanings across. These strategies may be topic avoidance, message adjustment, paraphrase, lexical approximation, word coinage and mother tongue switching.
In addition to the positive effects on using language, the issue of the extent to which communication strategies contribute to learning language has attracted attention among researchers. Although there have been arguments for and against their contributions to language learning, the arguments in favor have outweighed 7 the ones against. According to Faerch and Kasper (as cited in Ellis, 1985, p.187), some communication strategies have a potential effect on learning, like paraphrase and word coinage, while some others don‟t, such as topic avoidance and message adjustment.104) argues that successful borrowing is likely to be incorporated into the language user‟s interlanguage competence if the borrowed item is accepted as well-formed by the interlocutor in the target language. As a result of the positive effects on using and learning language, communication strategies may be employed by both native speakers of English and learners of English as SL or FL.
In addition, communication strategies are characterized as problematic and potentially conscious ( Faerch & Kasper, 1984, p. 47); therefore, they have really been helpful to learners of English as SL or FL, in which their interlanguage does not necessarily provide enough linguistic resource to express intended messages.104) states, communication strategies are concerned with the relationship between ends and means. It is assumed that native speakers have a balance between ends and means; that is, they always have the linguistic resources to get their intended meaning across, while non-natives are assumed to have a misbalance; that is, they may not convey their intended meaning for which they have no enough linguistic means. Therefore, non- native speakers resort to communication strategies to solve the problem.
It is the imperfect linguistic repertoire that has caused difficulties for learners in all aspects, especially in speaking and listening skills. The most common difficulties learners of English have faced in the course of language production and reception are the lack of words, structures, ideas, confidence, problematic speaking and limited listening ability. These were confirmed by the study of learners‟ difficulties in speaking by Nguyen (2008) in which some common di fficulties are lack of words, ideas, ways of expressing ideas and pronunciation. In addition, as a teacher of conversational English classes at Foreign Language Centers, I have found that almost all my learners wish to be able to communicate fluently in English, but when they are engaged into the interactions, they encounter some communication difficulties that prevent them from having effective conversations or maintaining them.
Given the 8 situation, I used the results from questionnaires (for 30 learners) for my Master course assignment (Bach et al. 2009) on designing syllabus for English conversational classes at my Foreign Language Center to give me the understanding of difficulties the learners encountered in speaking. The findings show lacks of vocabulary (100%), structures (80%), ideas (90%), problem with pronunciation (100%) and interpreting other people‟s ideas (70%). These difficulties clearly have a considerable influence on communication, but fortunately I find that the learners have made considerable efforts to keep speaking in such situations.
Intuitively, the learners may use some communication strategies to get their messages across despite insufficient linguistic repertoire. With such an important role in learning and communication in English, the area of communication strategies has been the focus of attention to researchers on Second Language Acquisition. A great number of earlier empirical research on communication strategy domain reflect more or less different research contexts and approaches (Varadi & Tarone, Bialystok & Paribakht (see Ellis, 1985 for a review); Dornyei & Scott, 1995b; Wanaruk, 2003; Jingjing, 2006; Chanawong, 2007; Ting & Lau, 2008; and Mei & Nathalang, 2009). In the context of Vietnam, several studies were done in relation to the area of communication strategies.
The study of “An investigation into language learning strategies by second year English majors in English speaking classes at Hue College of Foreign Languages” by Tran (2007) involves learning strategies in which part of communication strategies, such as switching to mother tongue, getting help, using mimes and gestures, word coinage, circumlocution and so on was investigated. In addition, hesitation strategies, one of communication strategies, are focus of the study of “Second-year English Major‟ hesitation strategies in speaking classes in Hue University College of Foreign Languages” by Nguyen (2008). Although the studies mentioned above deal with communication strategy use assessment, almost all of them are limited to types of students in formal institutions; e. colleges, in foreign contexts.
The studies in Vietnamese contexts focus on only 9 small part of communication strategy taxonomy. In addition, regarding research methods, the above studies adopt task-based technique to generalize their findings. This task-based method is used to generalize learners‟ strategy use over a certain task, rather than a variety of tasks the learners have performed in speaking classes.39) points out that task-based method, as one of the limitations of use, is less useful for identifying “typical” strategies of an individual than questionnaire. This reality inspires me to investigate communication strategy used by learners in quite an informal educational context- Foreign Languages Centers- with an innovative research methodology to cope with difficulties in speaking classes.
Undoubtedly, English has played an important role in society in the international integration era in Vietnam. As a result, the need for learning English has increased in the recent time. Foreign Language Centers seem a convenient place for everyone interested in English from students to workers. The Centers offer learners a variety of types of general English courses from elementary to advanced levels.
Recently, the Centers have been making a dramatic shift to conversational English classes to satisfy immediate needs for using English. The fact is what learners want in the conversational classes and what they can do are a gap. This gap is due to insufficient linguistic system that inhibits learners from making effective conversations. Surprisingly, until now little has been known about what communication difficulties the learners at the Centers face and how to cope with them to keep the interactions going on.
With the concern about the situation, this study will provide the understanding about how learners deal with the communication difficulties using communication strategies at the Centers. In the light of such a situation, this study is to investigate communication strategies learners of English use to overcome communication difficulties in speaking classes at some Foreign Languages Centers. Moreover, this study provides suggestions for teachers to train their students and to enhance the use of 10 communication strategies, leading to great contributions to learning English successfully. Aims of the Study The main aim of the study is to investigate what communication strategies learners of English use to overcome communication difficulties at speaking classes in Foreign Languages Centers.
In addition, as the function of communication strategies is to manage problems during the communication, difficulties faced by the learners in classrooms are also worth examining. Finally, some suggestions will be made to promote the use of communication strategies in speaking classes, enhancing the effectiveness of communication. Research Questions In order to achieve the above aims, this study seeks to find out the answers to the following questions regarding learners of English at Foreign Languages Centers in Hue. What difficulties do English learners encounter in speaking classes? 2.
What types of communication strategies do they use to overcome those difficulties? 3. What are the suggestions made by teachers to incorporate communication strategies into speaking classes? 1. Significance of the Study The study is expected to be beneficial to learners of English in general and to those of Foreign Languages Centers in particular by improving communicative competence using communication strategies. Also, it is a reference material for teachers who are interested in the incorporation of communication strategies into teaching speaking skill.
Structure of the Study This study consists of 5 chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the rationale, aims , research questions and significance of the study. Chapter 2 is concerned with literature review. Chapter 3 involves research methodology.
Chapter 4 concerns findings and discussion. Chapter 5 presents conclusion of this study. 12 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter 2 looks at previous studies concerning communication strategies. This literature survey helps indicate the gap on which the present study is based.
In addition, it provides the theoretical framework for this project. Finally, the tentative profile of Vietnamese learners in Foreign Languages Centers is mentioned. Previous Research on Communication Strategies So far, there have been a great number of studies on varied aspects of learners‟ communication strategy use found in the body of literature. The following studies are mentioned because of their relevance to the present study.
These studies are reviewed with the inclusion of types of subjects and data elicitation methods. Dornyei & Scott (1995b) discovered over 60 different types of communication strategies used by 44 Hungarian EFL learners. The data were collected through three oral tasks, along with retrospectation to identify as many specific strategies as possible. These tasks were cartoon descriptions, definition refo rmation and guided role-play.
Wanaruk‟s study (2003) examined communication strategies used by 75 English learners of Science and Technology. The data were elicited from oral interviews-questions on family, studies, cooperative education program, hometown, free time and university. Communication strategies employed by non-major English postgraduates at Beijing Normal University involving conversations with native teachers of English were the focus of Jingjing‟s study (2006). Chanawong‟s study (2007) investigated the use of communication strategies by 37 first-year medical students.
The data were collected by multiple methods: (1) oral interviews - background questions, disaster in Thailand and picture descriptions, (2) questionnaire, and (3) retrospective interviews. The generalized findings of this study were mainly based on oral tasks. Ting and Lau‟s study (2008) examined the use of communication strategies among Malaysian learners of English as a second language in simulated telephone conversations involving enquiries about products or services. Mei & Nathalang (2009) examined communication strategies used by 13 non-English major students in China.
Two types of oral tasks, namely, one -way (concept identification) and two-way task (role-play) were used to elicit data. The topic of communication strategies has also attracted the attention of Vietnamese researchers. The study of “An investigation into language learning strategies by second year English majors in English speaking classes at Hue College of Foreign Languages” by Tran (2007) involved learning strategies in which part of communication strategies, such as switching to mother tongue, getting help, using mimes and gestures, word coinage, circumlocution and so on was investigated. In addition, hesitation strategies, one of the communication strategies, were focus of the study of “Second-year English Major‟ hesitation strategies in speaking classes in Hue University College of Foreign Languages” by Nguyen (2008).